1775 (101 page)

23.
Ibid., p. 18.

24.
Augur, op. cit., p. 117, quoting French historian Henri Doniol.

25.
Desnoyer to Vergennes, November 1774, Huibrechts, op. cit., p. 249; York, op. cit., p. 26; Neil R. Stout,
The Royal Navy in America
(Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press, 1973), p. 162.

26.
Potts, op. cit., p. 26.

27.
Ibid., pp. 26–27.

28.
Ibid., p. 27.

29.
Huibrechts, op. cit., p. 157.

30.
Ibid., p. 250.

31.
Augur, op. cit., p. 18.

32.
Ibid., p. 65.

33.
J. Franklin Jameson, “St. Eustatius in the American Revolution,”
American Historical Review
8, no. 4 (July 1903), p. 695.

34.
Magra, op. cit., pp. 166–68.

35.
Potts, op. cit., p. 25.

36.
Hugh Thomas,
The Slave Trade
(New York: Simon & Schuster, 1997), p. 326.

37.
Potts, op. cit., p. 25; Augur, op. cit., p. 20.

38.
Syrett,
American Waters,
op. cit., p. 30.

39.
Belgian scholar Huibrechts’s goal in her massive doctoral dissertation was to show how the arms industry in the Prince-Bishopric of Liège, and nearby in what was then the Austrian Netherlands, contributed to the flow of weapons and munitions to the American rebels. But in conducting intensive research in Continental archives generally ignored by English-speaking historians, she also considerably expanded the information available on the flow of weapons and munitions to America from other parts of Europe.

40.
Huibrechts, op. cit., pp. 147–48.

41.
French,
First Year,
op. cit., pp. 125–26.

42.
Selby,
Dunmore,
op. cit., p. 21.

43.
Orlando W. Stephenson, “The Supply of Gunpowder in 1776,”
American Historical Review
30, no. 2 (January 1925), p. 272.

44.
Samuel Adams to James Warren,
Letters of Delegates to Congress,
vol. 2, letter 303, p. 297.

45.
George C. Daughan,
If By Sea
(New York: Basic Books, 2008), p. 60.

46.
Stephenson, op. cit., pp. 274–75.

47.
Ibid., p. 47.

48.
Augur, op. cit., p. 36.

49.
French,
First Year,
op. cit., p. 272.

50.
Augur, op. cit., p. 59.

51.
Risch, op. cit., p. 335.

52.
Adams to Warren,
Letters of Delegates,
op. cit.

53.
York, op. cit., p. 28.

54.
Potts, op. cit., p. 31.

55.
Huibrechts, op cit., vol. 2, p. 170 (Dutch powder mills); Huibrechts, vol. 2, p. 181 (cutting off water to St. Eustatius); and Jameson, op. cit., p. 690 (exports from Bengal).

56.
York, op. cit., p. 29.

57.
Henri Doniol, in his six-volume history of the participation by France in the establishment of the United States, published between 1884 and 1892, drew on French archives but did not publish other documentation of Benjamin Franklin’s presumed plotting, which has limited the attention of later historians. In a nutshell, Doniol stated that “Franklin, before returning to America [he left in March 1775], treated with armorers or merchants of England, Holland, France, for supplies and transport of munitions of war to the colonies. These operations were in part concentrated in London and Beaumarchais was aware of them.” Henri Doniol, ed.,
Histoire de la participation de la France a l’etablissement des Etats Unis d’Amerique,
vol. I, (Paris: 1884–1892), p. 133.

58.
Augur, op. cit., p. 65.

59.
Potts, op. cit., p. 136.

60.
Ibid., p. 33.

Chapter 12: The Supply War at Sea

1.
Mackesy, op. cit., p. 65.

2.
David Syrett,
Shipping and the American War, 1775–1783
(London: University of London/Athlone Press, 1970), p. 243.

3.
Ibid., p. 244.

4.
Michael Lewis,
The History of the Royal Navy
(Fairlawn, N.J.: Essential Books, 1959), pp. 158–59.

5.
Tagney, op. cit., p. 118.

6.
Paul W. Wilderson,
Governor John Wentworth and the American Revolution
(Lebanon: University of New Hampshire Press, 1994), p. 241.

7.
James L. Nelson,
George Washington’s Secret Navy
(New York: McGraw-Hill, 2008), p. 8.

8.
Tagney, op. cit., p. 19.

9.
Magra, op. cit., pp. 142–43, 154–55.

10.
Nelson,
Secret Navy,
op. cit., pp. 21–22.

11.
Ibid., p. 7.

12.
Syrett,
Shipping,
op. cit., p. 123.

13.
Naval Documents,
op. cit., vol. III, p. 82.

14.
Fowler, op. cit., pp. 16–19.

15.
Nelson, op. cit., p. 82.

16.
Magra, op. cit., p. 187.

17.
Ibid., p. 189.

18.
Nelson, op. cit., pp. 132 and 4.

19.
James Volo,
Bluewater Patriots
(Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield, 2006), p. 63.

20.
Syrett,
Shipping,
pp. 18, 24–25.

21.
Ibid., p. 243.

22.
Syrett,
Shipping,
op. cit., pp. 137–38.

23.
Buel,
In Irons,
op. cit.

24.
Syrett,
American Waters,
op. cit., p. 27.

25.
Lipscomb,
Carolina Lowcountry,
op. cit., pp. 8–9.

26.
Nelson,
Secret Navy,
op. cit., p. 51.

27.
Magra, op. cit., pp. 184–86.

28.
Naval Documents,
op. cit., vol. 1, p. 857.

29.
Fowler, op. cit., p. 29.

30.
Nelson, op. cit., pp. 58–60.

31.
Naval Documents,
op. cit., vol. 1, p. 1287.

32.
Gardner W. Allen,
A Naval History of the American Revolution
(Cranbury, N.J.: Scholar’s Bookshelf, 2005), vol. 1, p. 63.

33.
Nelson, op. cit., pp. 212–15.

34.
Ibid., pp. 105–6.

35.
If By Sea,
op. cit., p. 46.

36.
Nelson, op. cit., pp. 126–31.

37.
Fowler, op. cit., pp. 54–60.

38.
Allen, op. cit., pp. 40–41.

39.
Ibid., pp. 43–46.

40.
Ibid., p. 42.

41.
Ruth Y. Johnston, “American Privateers in French Ports,”
Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography,
vol. 53, no. 1, October 1929, pp. 352–53.

Chapter 13: The First British Southern Strategy, 1775–1776

1.
Hume, op. cit., p. 164.

2.
Ibid., p. 399.

3.
Kars, op. cit., p. 208.

4.
Dabney and Dargan, op. cit., pp. 92–93, Jones, op. cit., pp. 32–33.

5.
Coleman,
American Revolution in Georgia,
op. cit., pp. 48–49.

6.
Rankin, op. cit., p. 35.

7.
Ibid., p. 32.

8.
Ibid., pp. 28–29.

9.
See especially David K. Wilson,
The Southern Strategy: Britain’s Conquest of South Carolina and Georgia, 1775–1780
(Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 2005), pp. xi–xvi and 1–4.

10.
Eric Robson, “The Expedition to the Southern Colonies, 1775–1776,”
English Historical Review
(October 1951), p. 538.

11.
In 1775, Wilmington, Brunswick, and the Lower Cape Fear were the wealthiest section of North Carolina, the principal seaport district, and the source of vehement
earlier demonstrations against the Stamp Act. That year, Lower Cape Fear residents again took the lead in July by capturing and burning Fort Johnston, the main British installation at the mouth of the Cape Fear River. The district produced a disproportion of the province’s early Patriotic leadership, witness one book entitled
Hartnett, Hooper and Howe: Revolutionary Leaders of the Lower Cape Fear
(Wilmington: Lower Cape Fear Historical Society, 1979). The three—Cornelius Hartnett (the Samuel Adams of North Carolina), William Hooper (signer of the Declaration of Independence), and General Robert Howe—probably did represent a more concentrated leadership roster that any other North Carolina town could boast. H. G. Jones, former curator of the North Carolina Collection at the University of North Carolina, complained “that one small area of the country should produce [three such leaders]…is remarkable, and that their importance should remain obscure for two centuries is a measure of the influence of New England historians of the nineteenth century” (book jacket,
Hartnett, Hooper and Howe
).

12.
Malcolm Ross,
The Cape Fear
(New York: Holt, Rinehart, 1965), p. 7.

13.
Rankin, op. cit., p. 31.

14.
Ibid., pp. 31–32.

15.
David Lee Russell,
The American Revolution in the Southern Colonies
(Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland & Co., 2000), p. 85.

16.
Robson, op. cit., p. 539.

17.
Ibid., pp. 540–41.

18.
Ibid., pp. 541–42.

19.
Ibid., p. 543.

20.
Ibid.

21.
Ibid., p. 544.

22.
Ibid., p. 545.

23.
Ibid., p. 549.

24.
Ibid., p. 553.

25.
Wilmington does have an obelisk commemorating Cornelius Hartnett and there is a national military park at Moore’s Creek. Otherwise, though, there is very little that presents, amplifies, interrelates, or commemorates the events of the ten months between the capture of Fort Johnston in July 1775 and May 31, 1776, when Britain’s vaunted Southern expedition gave up on North Carolina and sailed away to even greater ignominy in Charleston Harbor.

26.
Syrett,
Shipping,
op cit., p. 198.

27.
Ibid, pp. 206–207.

28.
See, for example, John Steven Watson, “The Reign of George III, 1760–1815,” in
The Oxford History of England,
op. cit.

29.
French, op. cit., p. 318.

Chapter 14: Is Falmouth Burning?

1.
Neuenschwander, op. cit., p. 139.

2.
Hast, op. cit., pp. 56–59; Michael Kranish,
Flight From Monticello
(New York: Oxford University Press, 2010), pp. 68–83.

3.
Burrows and Wallace, op. cit., p. 242.

4.
Naval Documents,
op. cit., vol. 1, pp. 499–500.

5.
Bridenbaugh,
Cities in Revolt,
op. cit., pp. 17–21 and 98–103.

6.
Naval Documents,
op. cit., vol 1., p. 125.

7.
Ibid., p. 279.

8.
Ibid., pp. 363.

9.
Elaine F. Crane,
A Dependent People: Newport, Rhode Island in the Revolutionary Era
(New York: Fordham University Press, 1985), p. 121.

10.
Ibid., p. 123.

11.
Nelson, op. cit., p. 59.

12.
Naval Documents,
op. cit., vol. 1, p. 1236.

13.
Charles O. Paullin, “The Connecticut Navy of the American Revolution,”
New England Magazine,
35, 1907, pp. 715–16.

14.
Wilderson, op. cit., pp. 263–64.

15.
Burrows and Wallace, op. cit., p. 226; Bliven, op. cit., pp. 35–38.

16.
Thomas Wertenbaker,
Father Knickerbocker Rebels
(New York: Scribner’s, 1948), p. 63.

17.
Bliven, op. cit.

18.
Burrows and Wallace, op. cit., p. 227.

19.
Lovejoy,
Rhode Island,
op. cit., pp. 186–87.

20.
Naval Documents,
op. cit., vol. 1, p. 549.

21.
Tagney, op. cit., pp. 154–60.

22.
Naval Documents,
op. cit., vol. 2, p. 1144.

23.
Tagney, op cit., pp. 163–64.

24.
Ibid., p. 151–53.

25.
Buel,
Dear Liberty,
op. cit., pp. 43–46.

26.
Marga, op cit., pp. 212–13.

27.
Lipscomb,
Carolina Lowcountry,
op. cit., pp. 16–18.

28.
Naval Documents,
op. cit., vol. l, pp. 293–94.

29.
Russell,
The American Revolution in the Southern Colonies,
op. cit, p. 70.

30.
French,
First Year,
op. cit., p. 20.

31.
Naval Documents,
op. cit., vol. 1, pp. 1252–53.

32.
Ibid., pp. 1281–83.

33.
Naval Documents,
vol. 2, op. cit., p. 7.

34.
Ibid., p. 324.

35.
Ibid.

36.
Ibid., p. 513.

37.
Nelson, op. cit., p. 139.

38.
Naval Documents,
op. cit., vol. 2, p. 420–21.

39.
Volo, op. cit., p. 38.

40.
Thomas Macy,
The Hannah and the Nautilus
(Beverly, Mass.: Beverly Historical Society, 2002), pp. 17–28.

41.
Naval Documents,
vol. 2, p. 471.

42.
Leamon, op. cit., pp. 70–71.

43.
Tagney, op. cit., p. 226.

44.
John E. Selby,
The Revolution in Virginia
(Williamsburg, Va.: Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, 1988), p. 63.

45.
Rhode Island,
The American Guide Series
(Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1937), p. 426.

46.
Letter to John Page,
Papers of Thomas Jefferson,
vol. 1, pp. 250–51.

47.
Hast, op. cit., p. 59.

48.
Kranish,
Flight from Monticello,
p. 82–83.