1775 (97 page)

16.
Joseph A. Ernst,
Money and Politics in America, 1755–1775
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1973), pp. 252–55.

17.
Marjolene Kars,
Breaking Loose Together
(Chapel Hill: Omohundro Institute/University of North Carolina Press, 2002), p. 67.

18.
Merrill Jensen,
The Founding of a Nation, 1763–1776
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1968), pp. 379–80.

19.
Ibid., pp. 52–55.

20.
Curtis Nettels,
The Emergence of a National Economy, 1775–1815
(New York: Harper Torchbooks, 1962), p. 23.

21.
McCusker and Menard, op. cit., pp. 338–41.

22.
Greene and Jellison, op. cit.

23.
Knollenberg, op. cit., p. 19.

24.
Ernst, op. cit., p. 101; Ammerman, op. cit., pp. 66–68.

25.
McCusker and Menard, op. cit., pp. 355–56.

26.
Greene and Tellison, op. cit., p. 517.

27.
Leslie V. Brock,
The Currency of the American Colonies, 1700-1764
(New York: Arno Press, 1975), p. 560.

28.
Conrad Edik and Kathryn Viens, eds.,
Entrepreneurs
(Boston: Massachusetts Historical Society, 1997), p. 1.

29.
Margaret Newell,
From Dependency to Independence: Economic Revolution in Colonial America
(Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1998), p. 235.

30.
Greene and Jellison, op. cit., pp. 486–87.

31.
A. Roger Ekirch,
“Poor Carolina”: Politics and Society in Colonial North Carolina
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1981), p. 10.

32.
Ernst, op. cit., pp. 30–31.

33.
Greene and Jellison, op. cit., p. 518.

34.
Ernst, op. cit., p. 370.

35.
Michael A. McDonnell,
The Politics of War
(Chapel Hill: Omohundro Insitute/University of North Carolina Press, 2007), p. 33. McDonnell’s estimate synthesized the views of Lawrence Gipson, T. H. Breen, and Woody Holton.

36.
T. H. Breen,
Tobacco Culture
(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1985), p. 128.

37.
J. F. Shepherd and G. M. Walton,
Shipping, Maritime Trade and the Economic Development of Colonial North America
(Cambridge, England: Cambridge Press, 1972), p. 132.

38.
Ronald Hoffman,
A Spirit of Dissension: Economics, Politics, and the Revolution in Maryland
(Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1973), p. 20.

39.
Zeichner, op. cit., p. 82.

40.
Russell Menard, “The South Carolina Low Country,” in Ronald Hoffman, John J. McCusker, Russell B. Menard, and Peter J. Albert, eds.,
The Economy of Early America
(Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 1988), pp. 258–59.

41.
Ekirch, op. cit., p. 18.

42.
Robson, op. cit., p. 42; John C. Miller,
Origins of the American Revolution
(Boston: Little, Brown, 1943), p. 15.

43.
J. H. Plumb,
England in the 18th Century
(Harmondsworth, U.K.: Penguin, 1966), p. 126.

44.
Breen,
Marketplace of Revolution,
op. cit., pp. 241–42.

45.
Ibid., p. 20.

46.
Miller, op. cit., p. 16.

47.
Breen,
Marketplace of Revolution,
op. cit., pp. 42–43 and 100.

48.
Ibid., p. 255.

49.
Ibid., p. 326.

50.
David M. Roth and Freeman Meyer,
From Revolution to Constitution: Connecticut 1763 to 1818
(Chester, Conn.: Pequot Press, 1975), pp. 8–15.

51.
Zeichner, op. cit., pp. 78–81; Mann, op. cit., pp. 60–67.

52.
Holton, op. cit., pp. 64–65.

53.
Ibid., pp. 61, 39, 64–65, and 216–17; Isaac Samuel Harrell,
Loyalism in Virginia
(Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1926), pp. 26–27.

54.
Hoffman,
Spirit of Dissension,
op. cit., pp. 129, 138, 143, and 149.

55.
Greene,
Quest for Power,
op. cit., pp. 420–24.

56.
Oliver Dickerson.
The Navigation Acts and the American Revolution
(New York: A.S. Barnes, 1963), p. 112.

57.
Holton, op. cit., p. 48.

58.
Miller,
Origins,
op. cit., p. 14.

59.
Holton, op. cit., pp. 49–58.

60.
Hoffman,
Spirit of Dissension,
op. cit., pp. 30–31.

61.
Miller,
Origins,
op. cit., pp. 14–16.

62.
Nancy F. Koehn,
The Power of Commerce
(Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1994), pp. 101–2.

63.
Brown,
Good Americans,
op. cit., pp. 6–7; Holton, op. cit., p. 52.

64.
Thomas Barrow,
Trade and Empire: The British Customs Service in Colonial America, 1660-1775
(Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1967), p. 256.

65.
Oliver Dickerson, op. cit., p. 169.

66.
Lawrence Gipson,
The Coming of the American Revolution
(New York: Harper Torchbooks, 1962), p. 62.

67.
Lovejoy, op. cit., pp. 31–32.

68.
Dickerson, op. cit., pp. 179–84.

69.
Ibid., pp. 182–83, 214–15.

70.
Ibid., p. 210, 224–49.

71.
Barrow,
Trade and Empire,
op. cit., pp. 175–80.

72.
Ibid., p. 176.

73.
Ibid., p. 180.

74.
Robert M. Weir,
Colonial South Carolina
(Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1997), p. 163.

75.
Lovejoy,
Rhode Island,
op. cit., p. 19.

76.
Ibid., p. 33.

77.
Barrow, op. cit., pp. 247–48.

78.
William Nelson,
The American Tory
(Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1992), p. 4; Kars, op. cit., p. 40.

79.
Brown,
Good Americans,
op. cit., p. 240.

80.
Robert A. East,
Connecticut’s Loyalists
(Chester, Conn.: Pequot Press, 1974), p. 20.

81.
Raphael, op. cit., pp. 14–20.

82.
Jonathan Powell, “Presbyterian Loyalists: A ‘Chain of Interest’ in Philadelphia,”
Journal of Presbyterian History
57 (1979), pp. 135–58.

83.
Holton, op. cit., pp. 3, 29–33.

84.
Harrell, op. cit., p. 180.

85.
Mann, op cit., pp. 130–31 and 137.

86.
Schlesinger, op. cit., pp. 16–49.

87.
John W. Tyler,
Smugglers and Patriots
(Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1980), pp. 241–42.

88.
Harrington, op. cit., pp. 348–51.

89.
Thomas M. Doerflinger,
A Vigorous Spirit of Enterprise: Merchants and Economic Development in Revolutionary Pennsylvania
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1986).

90.
Thomas M. Doerflinger, “Philadelphia Merchants and the Logic of Moderation, 1760–1775,”
William and Mary Quarterly,
3rd ser., 40, no. 2 (April 1983), pp. 214–17.

91.
Ibid., p. 217.

92.
Tyler, op. cit., pp. 245–46.

93.
Ibid., pp. 249–50; Doerflinger,
Vigorous Spirit,
op. cit., pp. 192–93.

94.
Tyler, op. cit., pp. 18, 248.

95.
Harrell, op. cit., p. 49.

96.
Hoffman, op. cit., p. 165.

97.
Miller, op. cit., p. 17.

98.
Robert O. DeMond,
The Loyalists in North Carolina During the Revolution
(Hamden, Conn.: Archon, 1964), p. 52.

99.
Breen,
Tobacco Culture,
op. cit., p. 200.

100.
C. Robert Heywood, “Mercantilism and South Carolina Agriculture,”
South Carolina Historical Magazine
60 (1959), p. 20.

101.
Weir, op. cit., pp. 211 and 146.

102.
Laura H. McEachern and Isabel M. Williams, eds.,
Wilmington-New Hanover Safety Committee Meetings 1774–1776
(Wilmington, N.C.: Wilmington-New Hanover County American Revolution Bicentennial Committees, 1974), p. 38.

103.
Joseph J. Malone,
Pine Trees and Politics
(Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1964), p. 54.

104.
Ibid., pp. 141–43.

105.
Edward Byers,
The Nation of Nantucket
(St. Petersburg, Fla.: Hailer Publishing, 1987), pp. 142, 144.

106.
Arthur Bining,
Pennsylvania Iron Manufacturing in the 18th Century
(Harrisburg: Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission, 1987), p. 136.

107.
Ibid., p. 140.

108.
Ibid., p. 122.

109.
Hoffman, op. cit., p. 34.

110.
Bining, op. cit., p. 137.

111.
Edward Countryman, “The Uses of Capital in Revolutionary America,”
William and Mary Quarterly,
3rd series, vol. 49, no. 1 (1992), p. 26.

Chapter 5: Urban Radicalism and the Tide of Revolution

1.
Adapted for
1775
from Benjamin Carp,
Rebels Rising: Cities and the American Revolution
(New York: Oxford University Press, 2007), p. 225.

2.
Jack P. Greene and J. R. Pole,
Colonial British America
(Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1984), pp. 27–29.

3.
Carl Bridenbaugh,
Cities in Revolt
(New York: Knopf, 1968), pp. 216–17.

4.
Because no British census was taken until 1801, these are estimates, by no means agreed upon, taken from volumes ranging from encyclopedias to G.D.H. Cole and Raymond Postgate,
The British Common People, 1746–1946
(London: University
Paperbacks, 1961), p. 26, to Paul Langford,
A Polite and Commercial People, England 1727–1783
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989), pp. 418–20.

5.
John Phillips,
Electoral Behavior in Unreformed England
(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1982), p. 120.

6.
Alfred Young, “English Plebeian Culture,” in Margaret R. and James C. Jacob,
The Origins of Anglo-American Radicalism
(Atlantic Highlands, N.J.: Humanities Press International, 1991), pp. 188–89.

7.
Nash,
Urban Crucible,
op. cit., p. xii.

8.
Paul A. Gilje,
Liberty on the Waterfront
(Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvanaia Press, 2004), p. 103.

9.
Young, op. cit., p. 193.

10.
Russell Bourne,
Cradle of Violence
(Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons, 2006), p. 142. He attributes the description to Benjamin Irvin.

11.
Ibid., p. 205.

12.
Ibid., chap. 5, “The Sailors’ Liberty Tree.”

13.
Jesse Lemisch,
Jack Tar vs. John Bull
(New York: Garland Publishing, 1997), pp. 125–33.

14.
Burrows and Wallace, op. cit., p. 211.

15.
Jesse Lemisch, “Jack Tar in the Streets,”
William and Mary Quarterly,
3rd ser. (July 1968), p. 400.

16.
Gilje, op. cit., pp. 99–100.

17.
Bourne, op. cit., pp. 153–63.

18.
Gilje, op. cit., p. 102.

19.
Bourne, op. cit., p. 79.

20.
Carp, op. cit., pp. 28–32.

21.
Gary Nash,
The Unknown American Revolution
(New York: Viking Penguin, 2005), p. 24.

22.
Burrows and Wallace, op. cit., p. 215.

23.
Walter J. Fraser,
Patriots, Pistols and Petticoats
(Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1993), pp. 55–57.

24.
Bourne, op. cit., pp. 182–98.

25.
Peter Linebaugh and Marcus Rediker,
The Many-Headed Hydra
(Boston: Beacon Press, 2000), pp. 115–16 and 230.

26.
Ibid, p. 232.

27.
Doerflinger, op. cit., p. 174.

28.
Nash,
Urban Crucible,
op. cit., p. 150.

29.
Fraser, op. cit., p. 2.

30.
Weir,
Colonial South Carolina,
op. cit., p. 170–71.

31.
Lemisch,
Jack Tar in the Streets,
op. cit., p. 397.

32.
For further analysis in this vein, see Linebaugh and Rediker, op. cit., p. 156.

33.
Ibid.

34.
Ibid., p. 219.

35.
Ibid., pp. 220–21, 241.

36.
Ibid., p. 151.

37.
Bourne, op. cit., pp. 64–71.

38.
Burrows and Wallace, op. cit., pp. 182, 193.

39.
Dickerson, op. cit., pp. 212–15.

40.
Linebaugh and Rediker, op. cit., p. 219.

41.
Ronald Schultz,
The Republic of Labor: Philadelphia Artisans and the Politics of Class, 1720–1830
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1993).

42.
Burrows and Wallace, op. cit., p. 199.

43.
Ibid., p. 216.

44.
Countryman,
People in Revolution,
op. cit., p. 164.

45.
Nash,
Urban Crucible,
op. cit., pp. 76–79, 110, 162.

46.
Koehn, op. cit., p. 27.

47.
Charles S. Olton,
Artisans for Independence
(Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press, 1975), p. 2.

48.
Bridenbaugh,
Cities in Revolt,
op. cit., pp. 268–69.

49.
Gary Nash,
Race, Class and Politics
(Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1986), p. 243; Bridenbaugh,
Cities in Revolt,
op. cit., p. 272; Olton, op. cit., p. 122; and Sharon V. Salinger, “Artisans, Journeymen and the Transformation of Labor in Late 18th Century Philadelphia,”
William and Mary Quarterly,
3rd ser., 40, no. 1 (January 1983), p. 67.