1775 (100 page)

11.
Naval Documents,
op. cit., pp. 173, 179, 183, 185–87.

12.
French,
First Year,
op. cit., p. 20.

13.
The War of the American Revolution
(Washington, D.C.: Center of Military History, U.S. Army, 1975), p. 89.

14.
Gage had received information, dated April 15, that “the [Massachusetts] Congress have determined on raising an Army if the other New England colonies would join them. The Army is to consist of 18,000 men 8,000 of whom are to be raised in this province, 5,000 in Connecticut, 3,000 in New Hampshire and 2,000 in Rhode Island.” French,
Gage’s Informers,
op. cit., 234.

15.
French,
First Year,
op. cit., p. 67.

16.
Bowen, op. cit., p. 522.

17.
Gage knew little about the besieging army’s disorganization but felt his own weakness. Graves declined to act offensively save for the immediate preservation of His Majesty’s ships.
Naval Documents,
op. cit., vol. 1, p. 500.

18.
Rossie, op. cit., pp. 76–77.

19.
French,
First Year,
op. cit., p. 78.

20.
Nathaniel Bouton, ed.,
Documents and Records Relating to the Province of New Hampshire from 1764 to 1776
(Nashua, N.H.: State Printer, 1878), vol. 7, pp. 442–44.

21.
French,
First Year,
op. cit., p. 142.

22.
I. W. Stewart,
Life of Jonathan Trumbull, Senior
(Hartford, Conn.: Brown & Gross, 1878), pp. 181, 213.

23.
Schlesinger, op. cit., pp. 561–62.

24.
L. W. Turner, op. cit., p. 88.

25.
Crane, op. cit., p. 129.

26.
Albert E. Van Dusen,
Connecticut
(New York: Random House, 1961), pp. 144–45.

27.
Robert A. East,
Connecticut’s Loyalists
(Chester, Conn.: Pequot Press, 1974), pp. 22–27.

28.
David M. Roth, op. cit., p. 34.

29.
Schlesinger, op. cit., pp. 445–46.

30.
East, op. cit., pp. 24–29.

31.
Steiner, op. cit., pp. 50–51.

32.
Roth, op. cit., pp. 66–67.

33.
Stewart, op. cit., p. 221.

34.
East, op. cit., pp. 22–27; Steiner, op. cit., pp. 45–52.

35.
See Buel,
Dear Liberty,
op. cit., p. 80, and subsequent chapters. Connecticut’s mobilization peaked in September 1776. Buel heads the unfolding chapters as follows: “Exertion,” “Attrition,” “Signs of Strain and Exhaustion.”

36.
Bellesisles, op. cit., pp. 186–216.

37.
Rossie, op. cit., p. 3.

38.
Ibid., p. 5.

39.
James Kirby Martin,
Benedict Arnold: Revolutionary Hero
(New York; New York University Press, 1997), p. 75.

40.
Rossie, op. cit., pp. 31–33.

41.
Ibid., pp. 9–10.

42.
Ibid., p. 11.

43.
The War of the American Revolution,
op. cit., pp. 90–91.

44.
Rossie, op. cit., pp. 16–25.

45.
Howe was sympathetic enough to the colonies to become a peace commissioner in 1776 as well as the British military commander. Burgoyne, too, had briefly hoped for a peace-making role.

46.
War of the American Revolution,
op. cit., p. 91.

47.
Rossie, op. cit., p. 62.

48.
Chester M. Destler,
Connecticut: The Provisions State
(Chester, Conn.: Pequot Press, 1973), p. 12.

49.
Edward Fales Jr.,
Arsenal of the Revolution
(Salisbury, Conn.: The Tri-Corners History Council, Revised Issue 1997), p. 17.

50.
Adam Ward Rome,
Connecticut’s Cannon: The Salisbury Furnace in the American Revolution
(Hartford, Conn.: The American Revolution Bicentennial Commission of Connecticut, 1977), pp. 10–11.

51.
James P. Walsh,
Connecticut Industry and the Revolution
(Hartford, Conn.: The American Revolution Bicentennial History of Connecticut, 1978), p. 62.

52.
Rome, op. cit., p. 9.

53.
Destler, op. cit., p. 56.

Chapter 9: Declaring Economic War

1.
Koehn, op. cit., pp. 129, 142–43.

2.
Ibid., pp. 143–46.

3.
Jensen, op. cit., pp. 325–26.

4.
For the details of Edinburgh’s Porteous riots, see, for example, John and Julia Keay,
Collins Encyclopedia of Scotland,
pp. 782–83.

5.
P.D.G. Thomas, op. cit., p. 52.

6.
Ammerman, op. cit., p. 131.

7.
Jensen, op. cit., pp. 505–15; Ammerman, op. cit., pp. 83–84, 150–53.

8.
Ammerman, op. cit., p. 106.

9.
Jensen, op. cit., p. 560.

10.
Schlesinger, op. cit., p. 444.

11.
Jensen, op. cit., p. 538.

12.
Schlesinger, op. cit., pp. 454, 459–60.

13.
Burrows and Wallace, op. cit., pp. 223–24.

14.
John E. Selby,
Dunmore
(Virginia Independence Bicentennial Commission, 1977), p. 21.

15.
Schlesinger, op. cit., p. 463.

16.
Ibid., p. 463.

17.
P.D.G. Thomas, op. cit., p. 139, 169, 177.

18.
Ibid., pp. 208–10, 193.

19.
Jeffrey J. Crow,
A Chronicle of North Carolina During the American Revolution
(Raleigh: North Carolina Division of Archives and History, 1975), p. 17.

20.
Lord Dartmouth and the American Department were not overburdened with useful reports from the thirteen colonies: “Official reports with any semblance of regularity came only from Massachusetts, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania and Virginia.” Peter D. G. Thomas, op. cit., p. 131. By 1775, Josiah Martin of North Carolina had also become a regular correspondent.

21.
Ammerman, op. cit., p. 103.

22.
Ibid., pp. 106–7.

23.
Ibid., pp. 107–8.

24.
Ibid., p. 107.

25.
Jensen, op.cit., pp. 531–32.

26.
Schlesinger, op. cit., pp. 451–52.

27.
Ammerman, op. cit., pp. 104–8.

28.
Robert L. Ganyard,
The Emergence of North Carolina’s Revolutionary State Government
(Raleigh: North Carolina Division of Archives and History, 1978), p. 32.

29.
McEachern and Williams, op cit., p. xi.

30.
Lipscomb,
South Carolina Becomes a State,
op. cit., pp. 10–11.

31.
Breen,
Tobacco Culture,
op. cit., pp. 46–57.

32.
Holton, op. cit., p. 94.

33.
Ibid., p. 95.

34.
Ibid., p. 111.

35.
Jensen, op. cit., p. 517; and Hoffman,
Spirit of Dissension,
op. cit., pp. 138, 143.

36.
Holton, op. cit., pp. 126–27.

37.
Robson,
American Revolution,
op. cit., p. 30.

38.
Knollenberg, op. cit., pp. 70–72, 95–96, and 118–19.

39.
P.D.G. Thomas, op. cit., p. 166.

40.
The act in question was the Treason Act of Henry VIII (1543).

41.
Richard Platt,
The Ordnance Survey Guide to Smugglers’ Britain
(London: Cassell, 1991), p. 11.

42.
G. J. Marcus,
A Naval History of England: The Formative Years
(Boston: Little, Brown, 1961), p. 404.

43.
Fred Anderson,
Crucible of War
(New York: Knopf, 2000), p. 700.

44.
Jensen, op. cit., p. 495.

45.
Breen,
Tobacco Culture,
op. cit., pp. 190–93.

46.
Schlesinger, op. cit., p. 519.

47.
Ryerson, op. cit., p. 115.

48.
Ammerman, op. cit., p. 103.

49.
Jensen, op. cit., p. 516.

50.
Schlesinger, op. cit., pp. 531–33.

51.
Ibid., pp. 566–67.

Chapter 10: Five Roads to Canada

1.
Rossie, op. cit., pp. 4–7, 31, 36–37.

2.
Francis Parkman,
A Half-Century of Conflict
(New York: Collier Books, 1962), p. 22.

3.
Kenneth McNaught,
The Pelican History of Canada
(Harmondsworth, U.K.: Penguin Books, 1969), p. 25.

4.
Mark Kurlansky,
Cod
(New York: Penguin, 1998), pp. 37–45, 73–74, 83.

5.
Ibid., p. 78.

6.
Marcus,
Naval History of England,
op. cit., p. 404.

7.
Christopher Magra,
The Fisherman’s Cause
(New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009), pp. 147–48.

8.
C. H. Van Tyne, “French Aid Before the Alliance of 1778,”
American Historical Review
31, no. 1 (October 1925), p. 30; Marion Huibrechts,
Swampin’ Guns and Stabbing Irons: The Austrian Netherlands, Liège Arms and the American Revolution, 1770–1783
(Catholic University of Leuven, Belgium: Doctoral Dissertation, 2009), vol. 2, p. 210; Van Tyne, op. cit., pp. 33–34.

9.
P. J. Marshall, ed.,
The Oxford History of the British Empire: The Eighteenth Century
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1998), p. 373.

10.
McNaught, op. cit., pp. 48–50.

11.
Thomas H. Raddall,
The Path of Destiny
(New York: Popular Library, 1957), p. 16.

12.
Peckham,
The Colonial Wars, 1689–1762
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1962), pp. 30–31, 64, 66–67, 70–71.

13.
Ibid., p. 161.

14.
Ibid., p. 170.

15.
Ibid., pp. 70, 222–23.

16.
Ibid., pp. 71–73.

17.
Parkman, op. cit., pp. 122–33.

18.
Ibid., p. 124, 130.

19.
Ibid., p. 132.

20.
North,
Race, Class and Politics,
op. cit., p. 196.

21.
Bridenbaugh,
Cities in Revolt,
op. cit., pp. 60–61.

22.
North,
Urban Crucible,
op. cit., p. 114.

23.
Ibid., p. 152.

24.
Magra, op. cit., pp. 151–58.

25.
Naval Documents,
op. cit., vol. 1, pp. 233, 284, and 350.

26.
John B. Brebner,
The Neutral Yankees of Nova Scotia
(New York: Columbia University Press, 1937), p. 305.

27.
Naval Documents,
op. cit., vol. 1, pp. 233, 284, and 350.

28.
Rossie, op. cit., p. 41.

29.
Raddall, op. cit., pp. 17–18.

30.
Ibid., p. 19.

31.
Ibid., pp. 19–21.

32.
Ibid., p. 23.

33.
Brebner, op. cit., pp. 308–13.

34.
McNaught, op. cit., p. 52.

35.
Raddall, op. cit., p. 88.

36.
Ibid., pp. 81–83.

37.
Arthur Lefkowitz,
Benedict Arnold’s Army
(New York: Savas Beatie, 2008), p. 23; Thomas Desjardin,
Through a Howling Wilderness
(New York: St. Martin’s, 2006), p. 10.

38.
Lefkowitz, op. cit., pp. 76–78.

39.
Ibid., p. 157.

40.
Ibid., p. 151.

41.
Writings of George Washington,
op. cit., p. 67.

42.
Paul A. Stevens,
A King’s Colonel
(Youngstown, N.Y.: Old Fort Niagara Association, 1987), pp. 17–23, 40–41.

43.
Ibid., p. 36.

44.
Ibid., pp. 35–37.

45.
Ibid., p. 43.

46.
Ibid., p. 47.

47.
Mary Fryer,
Allan Maclean, Jacobite General
(Toronto: Dundurn Press, 1987), pp. 128–137, p. 141.

Chapter 11: The Global Munitions Struggle, 1774–1776

1.
Huibrechts, op. cit., vol. 1, section 3.2, p. 64. Her information is from Public Records Office CO5/231 National Archives, Whitehall, July 5, 1773, circular letter of Dartmouth to all governors in America and the West Indies.

2.
Ibid.

3.
Ibid., vol. 2, p. 298.

4.
Risch, op. cit., p. 339.

5.
Ibid., p. 349.

6.
Ibid., p. 340,

7.
Potts, op. cit., p. 28; Risch, op. cit., p. 340; George Washington to John Hancock in J. C. Fitzpatrick, ed.,
Writings of George Washington,
vol. 3, pp. 394–95; Augur, op. cit., p. 36.

8.
Risch, op. cit., p. 331.

9.
Ibid., p. 342.

10.
Potts, op. cit., p. 29.

11.
Fitzpatrick, op. cit., vol. 3, p. 384.

12.
James B. Hedges,
The Browns of Providence Plantations: Colonial Years
(Providence: Brown University Press, 1968), p. 219.

13.
Huibrechts, op. cit., vol. 1, pp. 109–10.

14.
Augur, op. cit., p. 35.

15.
David Syrett,
The Royal Navy in American Waters, 1775–1783
(Aldershot, U.K.: Scolar Press, 1989), p. 30.

16.
Augur, op. cit., p. 35.

17.
Ibid., p. 36.

18.
Desjardin, op. cit., pp. 145–46.

19.
Potts, op. cit., p. 32; David Lee Russell,
Victory on Sullivan’s Island
(Haverford, Penn.: Infinity Publishing, 2002), pp. 215–24.

20.
Warren-Adams Letters
(Boston: Massachusetts Historical Society, 1917), vol. 72, p. 116.

21.
Harlow G. Unger,
John Hancock
(New York: John Wiley, 2000), pp. 179–84.

22.
Samuel Flagg Bemis,
The Diplomacy of the American Revolution
(Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1957), pp. 3–15, 255. He cites approvingly both E. S. Corwin,
French Policy and the American Alliance of 1778
(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1916) and Elizabeth Kite,
Beaumarchais and the American War of Independence
(Boston: Badger, 1918).