1775 (110 page)

Charlotte, N.C., 185, 190

Chaudière River Valley, 287, 291, 468

Cherokee,
HMS, 19, 350, 374, 531, 532, 534

Cherokee Indians, 174, 364, 375, 424–25

Cherokee War (1759–1761), 156, 168, 181–82, 183, 203, 426

Chesapeake Bay region, 394–413,
396,
455, 483, 501–2

American defenses in, 404–6

British inattention to, 395, 406–7

Loyalists in, 404, 410–11, 412–13

naval war in, 398, 400–403, 483

chevaux-de-frise, 495

Chickasaw Indians, 181, 364

Chincoteague, 398

Choctaw Indians, 181, 364

Choiseul, Duc de, 204, 277

Church of England,
see
Anglicanism

Civil War, U.S., 197, 417, 429

Clark, George Rogers, 183, 357, 508

Clark, J. C. D., 85, 414

Clinton, Henry, 246, 337, 340, 341, 342, 388, 389, 406, 411, 412–13, 448–49, 488, 490, 524, 526, 528, 529, 530, 532–34, 536, 538

Coercive Acts (1774), 7–9, 26, 29, 33, 38, 45, 51, 52, 63, 88, 89, 95, 96, 152, 217, 228, 233, 251–52, 258, 264, 265, 266, 270, 276, 296, 304, 317, 319, 323, 438, 448, 453, 455, 457, 543

Colden, Cadwallader, 37, 58, 305, 308

Collier, George, 394, 412

Colonial Merchants and the American Revolution, The
(Schlesinger, Sr.), 125

Colonists in Bondage
(Smith), 191–92

Comanche Indians, 375–76

Commerce,
496

committees of correspondence, 21, 38, 48, 72, 159, 253, 541

Common Sense
(Paine), 199, 345, 443

Concord, Mass., 153

see also
Lexington and Concord, Battle of

Congregationalism, Congregationalists, 74, 76–79, 82, 173, 175, 184, 196, 202, 213, 216, 236, 261, 381, 562
n

Loyalist antipathy to, 120

as Patriots, 70, 120–21, 127, 554
n

as “republican” religion, 86

Connecticut, 7, 9, 20, 37, 95, 101, 110, 144, 184, 202, 236, 324, 326, 464, 540

aggressive mindset of, 60–61, 62

Anglicanism in, 82–83, 240–41, 242, 553
n
–54
n,
564
n
–65
n

arms buildup in, 52, 54, 154, 311–12

Assembly of, 237, 241, 254

Association enforcement in, 261

British naval raids in, 347

Canadian invasion and, 272

cannon foundries in, 247–48

charter of, 89, 211, 551
n
–52
n

civil war in, 242

as colonists’ reserve army, 238, 242, 248

Council of, 51, 52, 237

Council of Safety in, 52, 247

expansionism in, 51–52, 54–55, 58–60, 62, 171, 175

House of Representatives, 51, 154

and legacy of English Civil War, 414–15

Loyalists in, 51–52, 122, 154–55, 240–42, 418, 564
n
–65
n

Massachusetts militia aided by, 16, 231, 238, 456, 472

militias of, 21, 41, 52, 154, 163, 237–38, 241, 419

navy of, 347, 496

in New York border disputes, 176

Patriot dominance of, 23, 110, 154, 235

political and cultural influence of, 55, 66

political structure of, 44, 51

as provisioner of American Revolution, 247

revolutionary zeal in, 44, 59

as self-governing, 45

territorial claims of,
50,
55, 89, 276, 421, 552
n

war mentality in, 49, 51, 52

Connecticut Valley, 273, 292–93

Connolly, John, 294, 362, 363–64, 407, 478, 486, 576
n

Consensus (neo-Whig) historians, 104, 205, 218, 284

Considerations on the Propriety of Imposing Taxes
(Dulany), 113–14

conspiracy theories:

American Revolution and, 199, 216–19, 429, 543

in English history, 218–19

in twentieth-century U.S., 218

Constitutional Convention, 399

Continental Army, 4, 23, 156, 161–62, 163, 298, 438, 450, 546

blacks in, 370, 375

creation of, 244–46

German speakers in, 68, 70, 72

naval war and, 321, 353

New England militias merged into, 245, 448

transported convicts in, 368

Continental Association, 14, 110, 226, 227, 228, 232, 233, 240, 241, 249–71, 317, 331–32, 409, 418, 544

British reaction to, 254, 258–59

calendar of, 257–58

as declaration of war, 269

enforcement committees of, 252, 254, 260, 269–71, 541

legal implementation of, 260–62

Loyalists and, 254, 269

loyalty oaths in, 423, 427

munitions imports and, 271, 301, 311, 324, 351, 398, 542, 544–45

in New England, 254–55

nonexportation measures of, 254, 544–45

as response to Coercive Acts, 270

as ultimatum, 258, 265–66, 539

war preparations and, 270

Continental Congress, 7, 12, 14, 21, 24, 26, 27, 28, 31, 37, 38, 40, 41, 46, 48, 49, 59, 90, 101, 104, 106, 113, 117, 130, 133, 144, 147, 154, 206, 225–26, 227, 231, 232, 236, 242–43, 251, 252, 256, 266, 269, 270–71, 284, 288, 299, 300, 324, 333, 351, 395, 448, 453, 455–57, 464, 475, 517, 541

Association of,
see
Continental Association

and birth of U.S. Navy, 328, 353, 496–97

black enlistment promoted by, 370

boycotts imposed by, 96, 110, 111

and creation of Continental Army, 244–46

economic self-determination demanded by, 265–66

invasion of Canada and, 461, 473

and middle colonies opposition to independence, 432–33, 438, 441–42

Naval Committee of, 402, 403, 500

naval war and, 325–26, 327, 329, 499, 504

New England and, 232–33

reconciliationists in, 465

Secret Committee of, 31, 300, 302, 306, 311, 324, 351, 397

war mentality of, 244, 308, 457

in winter of 1774–1775, 252–53

Continental Navy, 496

birth of, 328, 353, 496–97

growing southern support for, 374

convicts, British transport of,
see
transported convicts

Conway, Henry, 250, 519, 520

Conway, Stephen, 378, 386

Cooke, Nicholas, 235, 324, 326, 346

Cook, James, 510

Cooper, James Fenimore, 494

Cooper River, 140, 141, 531

Cornstalk (Shawnee chief), 364

Cornwallis, Charles, Earl, 341, 342, 411, 412, 413, 505, 506, 514, 515, 520, 524, 528, 529, 537, 538

Corwin, Edward, 302–3

Cousins’ Wars, The
(Phillips), 77, 219

Covenanters of Mecklenburg County, N.C., 190

Crackers, 183, 193

Cramahe, Hector, 286, 469

Creek Indians, 179, 181, 183, 358, 364

Crisis, The
(Paine), 195

Cromwell, Oliver, 59

“New Model Army” of, 159, 160

Cross Creek, 527, 528

Crown Point, Fort, 17, 21, 234, 272, 300, 465

American capture of, 243–44, 285, 290, 297, 309, 461, 463, 472, 473

Cruizer,
HMS, 18, 337, 427, 529

Culpeper minutemen, 400, 484, 486–87

Cunningham and Nesbitt, 397

Cunningham, Patrick, 157, 190, 424–26

Cunningham, Robert, 182, 190, 424

“Currency Act of 1764, The” (Greene and Jellison), 91

Currency Acts, 98

of 1751, 102, 105

of 1764, 101–2, 103, 104, 105–6, 118, 216

Currency of the American Colonies, 1700–1764, The
(Brock), 105

currency, in American colonies:

British regulation of, 104

commodities as, 100

paper,
see
paper money, American

shortages of,
see
money supply

specie, 98, 99–100, 104, 105

valuation of, 99–101

Cushing, Thomas, 31, 245

Customs Act (1763), 115, 116, 118, 317

Darien Committee, 207–8

Dartmouth, Lord, 8, 13, 17, 21, 28, 34, 153–54, 226, 227, 228, 255–56, 258, 260, 296, 305, 309, 316, 323, 331–32, 333, 334, 337, 338, 339, 341, 342, 355, 363, 371, 380, 418, 430, 448, 450, 458, 469, 478, 481, 522, 525, 527, 543, 544

Daughters of the American Revolution, 516–17

debt, in American colonies, 94, 95, 102, 197

Continental Association and, 264–65

currency shortages and, 106

evasion of, as cause of American Revolution, 107, 120, 121, 125

Southern protests over, 106–14

see also
specific colonies

Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms
(Jefferson), 227, 234, 246, 434, 435, 448

Declaration of Independence, 6, 70, 115–16, 130, 212, 357, 430, 431–44, 541

foreign aid and alliances as dependent on, 431, 436, 443

limited role of, 433–37

and necessity of recasting civil war as revolution, 443–44

Declaration of Independence, The
(Armitage), 431

Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, The
(Gibbon), 207, 384

Defence,
19, 347, 350, 402, 502, 531

Delaware, 7, 20, 22, 46, 255, 395

Association enforcement in, 261

committees of correspondence in, 38

independence declaration authorized by, 442

Loyalists in, 23–24, 42, 198

Provincial Congress, 439

Delaware Bay, 398, 403

Delaware Company, 60

Delaware Indians, 362, 364, 478

Delaware River, 140, 321, 404, 499

Delmarva Peninsula, 198, 395, 398, 412, 419

Loyalists in, 407, 408–9, 410, 418

Derby, Elias Hasket, 14

Derby family, 13–14

Derby, John, 13–14, 504

Diana,
HMS, 16, 493, 497

Dickinson, John, 258, 442, 465, 475

divine right of kings, 86, 87–88

Dolphin
(pilot boat), 502

Doniol, Henri, 306, 572
n

Drayton, William H., 65, 185, 424, 494, 531

Duane, James, 42, 243, 442, 465, 475

Dulany, Daniel, 113–14

Dunkers, 173–74, 178, 188, 422

Dunmore, Fort, 481

Dunmore,
HMS, 408, 481, 489–90

Dunmore, John Murray, Earl of, 255, 260, 270, 338, 339, 353, 354, 399, 410, 476, 477–91, 524, 526

arms and munitions seized by, 28, 309, 363, 483, 484

on British southern strategy, 406–7, 412, 525

Ethiopian Regiment of, 332, 373, 400, 484, 486

in flight to shipboard refuge, 4, 18, 29, 48, 62, 156, 332, 479, 483, 526

Indian invasion of Virginia proposed by, 181, 183, 332, 363, 364–65, 394–95, 486

Indian war of, 61–62, 124, 155, 156, 203, 362–63, 407, 478, 576
n

land speculation and, 363, 477, 480

legislature in confrontations with, 45–46, 48, 479, 483

naval war and, 18, 374, 395, 400–401, 405, 406, 408, 481, 483, 496, 500

Norfolk bombardment ordered by, 18, 488, 491

recruiting of runaway slaves and servants by, 156, 197, 332, 358, 359, 363, 369, 371, 372, 373, 374, 479, 484–87, 544

volatility and egotism of, 373, 407, 480–82

Duquesne, Fort, 280

Dutchess of Gordon,
541

Dutch Reformed Church, 79–80, 83, 94, 202, 213, 216, 221, 417, 418, 563
n

East Anglia, pro-American sentiment in, 381

East Florida, 17, 34, 319, 481, 495, 516, 521, 538

East India Company, 139, 200, 376, 518

East River, 140

economy, American, 90, 91–131, 233

barter in, 101

boycotts in, 14, 96, 109–110, 226, 227, 249–50, 253–54, 266;
see also
Continental Association

British customs policies and, 95–96, 114–20, 216, 268, 277, 283, 317, 518

British limits on manufacturing in, 96

British naval blockade and, 265, 271, 323–24, 329–30, 398, 491, 505, 540, 542, 545

British regulation of coastal trade in, 116–17

British restrictions on exports of, 94–95, 99, 111–14, 115–16, 144, 227, 228–29, 259, 269, 518, 544

British taxation of, 95

British trade in, 92, 99, 108–9, 134, 249–50

credit in, 101

currency in,
see
currency, in American colonies

debt in,
see
debt, in American colonies

dissatisfaction with, 197, 205–8

growth of, 249–50

inflation in, 546

intercolony networks in, 201–2

money supply in, 94, 95, 98, 102–3, 104, 105, 106–7, 133

non-British trade resumed in, 438, 440, 546

Patriots’ overconfidence and, 249, 250, 251, 268, 271, 544–46

pre-Revolution downturn in, 103

self-determination and, 206, 207

suspension of trade and, 14, 110, 226, 227, 228, 232, 233, 240, 241

tobacco in,
see
tobacco

Triangular Trade in, 111–12, 115, 118–19, 143–44, 307

wartime shrinkage of, 545–46

wealth inequality in, 135

see also
specific colonies

Economy of British America, 1607–1789, The
(McCusker and Menard), 91, 104

Eden, Robert, 20, 372, 373, 541

Eden, William, 32, 322, 525

Edgar, Walter, 49, 64

Edwards, Jonathan, 75, 76

Eighth Virginia Continental Regiment, 70, 72

Elderkin, Jedediah, 247

elections, U.S., of 1860, 198, 565
n

Elizabeth I, Queen of England, 219

Elizabeth
(
Liberty
), 495

Ellis, Joseph, 25–26, 431, 440

Emergence of a National Economy, 1775–1815, The
(Nettels), 104

English Civil War, 59, 75, 76, 77, 86, 141–42, 159, 160, 173, 197, 216, 381, 414–15, 417, 421, 429, 435

Enterprise,
474

Erie, Fort, 294

España ante la independencia de los Estados Unidos,
513

ethnicity:

military service and, 68–69

religion and, 69–74, 213, 419, 554
n

revolutionary spirit and, 67, 554
n

Exclusion Crisis (1679–1681), 217, 218

expansionism, American, 54–55, 57–58, 60–63, 219–20, 278–79, 420, 478, 552
n

Expedition to the Southern Colonies, 1775–1776, The
(Robson), 331

Experiment,
HMS, 535, 536