1775 (104 page)

Chapter 20: The Battle of Boston: A Great American Victory

1.
French, op. cit., p. 259.

2.
Ibid., p. 258.

3.
Ibid., p. 531.

4.
Ibid., p. 332.

5.
Ibid.

6.
Ibid., p. 259.

7.
Syrett,
American Waters,
op. cit., p. 9.

8.
French, op. cit., p. 345; Syrett, op. cit., p. 29.

9.
Fowler, op cit., p. 41.

10.
French, op. cit., p. 531.

11.
Ibid., p. 531.

12.
Nelson, op. cit., pp. 317–21.

13.
Benjamin H. Irvin,
Samuel Adams
(New York: Oxford University Press, 2002), p. 103; Pauline Maier,
The Old Revolutionaries: Political Lives in the Age of Samuel Adams
(New York: W. W. Norton, 1980), p. 9.

14.
John C. Miller,
Sam Adams
(Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1936), pp. 343–44.

15.
Details on this historiography can be found in Maier,
Old Revolutionaries,
op. cit., pp. 3–50.

16.
Irvin, op. cit., pp. 103–4.

17.
Miller,
Sam Adams,
op. cit.

18.
Miller, op. cit., pp. 134–65.

19.
Ibid., pp. 163–65.

20.
Irvin, op. cit., p. 91.

21.
Galvin, op. cit., p. 44.

22.
Miller, op. cit., p. 266.

23.
Ibid., pp. 270–71.

24.
For Philadelphia, see Richard Ryerson,
The Revolution Is Now Begun,
pp. 36–37; for New York City, see Edwin G. Burrows and Mike Wallace,
Gotham,
pp. 214–15.

25.
John Cary,
Joseph Warren
(Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1961), p. 136.

26.
L. Kinvin Wroth, ed.,
Province in Rebellion
(Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1975), p. 21.

27.
Leamon, op. cit., p. 56; Coleman, op. cit., p. 50.

28.
Maier,
Old Revolutionaries,
op. cit., p. 21.

29.
Ibid., p. 12.

30.
Wroth,
Province in Rebellion,
op. cit., p. 52.

31.
Cary, op. cit., pp. 160–61.

32.
Bowen, op. cit., p. 480.

33.
Ibid., p. 161.

34.
Ibid., p. 158.

35.
Nelson,
George Washington’s Secret Navy,
op. cit., p. 260.

36.
Joseph Galloway,
Historical and Political Reflections on the Rise and Progress of the American Rebellion
(London, 1780), pp. 68–69.

37.
French, op. cit., p. 259.

38.
Ira Gruber,
The Howe Brothers and the American Revolution
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1972), pp. 54–55.

Chapter 21: Canada: Defeat or Victory?

1.
French, op. cit., p. 149.

2.
Ibid., p. 386.

3.
Buel,
Dear Liberty,
op. cit., p. 42.

4.
Arthur F. Lefkowitz,
Benedict Arnold’s Army
(New York: Savas Beatie, 2008), p. 134.

5.
Fort Ticonderoga Museum Bulletin,
Spring 1989, p. 73.

6.
Ibid., p. 72.

7.
French, op. cit., p. 379.

8.
John Adams,
Life and Works,
vol. 2, p. 419. The sentence is unfinished in the original.

9.
John H. G. Pell, “Philip Schuyler: The General as Aristocrat,” in George Athan Billias, ed.,
George Washington’s Generals and Opponents: Their Exploits and Leadership
(New York: Da Capo Press, 1994), pp. 63-73. Pell is sympathetic to Schuyler. But he presents the Acland episode in detail.

10.
Higginbotham, op. cit., pp. 109–10.

11.
John H. G. Pell, “Philip Schuyler, Esq: An Unfinished Biography,”
Fort Ticonderoga Museum Bulletin
15, no. 2, (Spring 1989), p. 71.

12.
Higginbotham, op. cit., p. 112.

13.
The War of American Independence,
p. 111. To Higginbotham, “the withdrawal was an incredible performance,” a severe blow to American morale. Loyal seigneurs in Montreal celebrated by “a grand mass with a Te Deum.”

14.
Brendan Morrisey,
Quebec 1775: The American Invasion of Canada
(Oxford, U.K.: Osprey, 2004), p. 41.

15.
Fort Ticonderoga Museum Bulletin,
op. cit, p. 69.

16.
French, op. cit., p. 383–84.

17.
Morrissey, op. cit., p. 41.

18.
“Diary of the Reverend Benjamin Trumbull,”
Fort Ticonderoga Museum Bulletin
(Spring 1989), op. cit., pp. 108–12.

19.
French, op. cit., p. 416; Morrissey, op. cit., p. 42.

20.
Jacques Castonguay,
Les défis du Fort Saint-Jean: l’invasion ratée des Américains en 1775
(St. Jean, Quebec: Les Éditions du Richelieu, 1975), p. 119.

21.
Thomas Desjardin,
Through a Howling Wilderness
(New York: St. Martin’s, 2006), p. 125.

22.
Lefkowitz, op. cit., p. 63.

23.
Desjardin, op. cit., p. 126.

24.
Martin,
Benedict Arnold, Revolutionary Hero,
p. 150.

25.
Desjardin, pp. 145–48.

26.
Ibid., p. 128.

27.
Ibid., p. 122.

28.
Howling Wilderness
—Sault-au-Matelot, pp. 196–97; Montgomery’s death, pp. 177, 196–97;
Benedict Arnold’s Army
—Morgan’s opportunity, pp. 251, 256.
Benedict Arnold: Revolutionary Hero
—Morgan’s opportunity, pp. 176–177.

29.
Martin,
Benedict Arnold,
op cit., pp. 64–66.

30.
Ibid., p. 76.

31.
Ibid., p. 92.

32.
Ibid.

33.
French, op. cit., p. 382.

34.
A. T. Mahan,
The Major Operations of the Navies in the War of American Independence
(Boston: Little, Brown, 1913), p. 3.

35.
Mackesy, op. cit., pp. 56–57.

36.
Syrett,
Royal Navy in American Waters,
pp. 39–40.

37.
Rossie,
Politics of Command,
p. 76; in
First Year,
p. 598, Allen French noted his own agreement with Adams’s thesis.

38.
French, op. cit., p. 427.

39.
Raddall, op. cit., pp. 88–89.

Chapter 22: Lord Dunmore’s Second War

1.
Selby,
Lord Dunmore,
op. cit., pp. 8–9.

2.
Hume, op. cit., pp. 28–30.

3.
Holton, op. cit., p. 34.

4.
Hume, op. cit., pp. 142–47.

5.
Ibid., pp. 215–19.

6.
Ibid., pp. 221–25.

7.
Holton, op. cit., pp. 140–43, 148, 151–52.

8.
Ibid., p. 144.

9.
Holton, pp. 145, 147, and 148.

10.
Hume, op. cit., p. 342–46.

11.
Selby,
Dunmore,
op. cit., p. 68.

12.
Hume, op. cit., p. 28.

13.
Selby,
Dunmore,
op. cit., p. 16.

14.
Ibid., p. 28.

15.
Selby,
Revolution in Virginia,
op. cit., p. 56.

16.
Kranish, op. cit., p. 234.

17.
Ibid., p. 74.

18.
Selby,
Dunmore,
p. 11, and Hume, op. cit., p. 164, quoting from unpublished mid-twentieth-century Ph.D. theses by Keith Berwick and Percy Caley.

19.
Revolutionary Virginia: The Road to Independence,
vol. 3, p. 223.

20.
Williamson,
Guns on the Chesapeake,
op. cit., p. 74.

21.
Hume, op. cit., p. 348.

22.
Ibid., p. 352.

23.
Ibid., p. 355.

24.
Revolutionary Virginia,
vol. 4, op. cit., p. 322.

25.
Hume, pp. 358–63.

26.
Holton,
Forced Founders,
op. cit., p. 158.

27.
Ibid., p. 159.

28.
Revolutionary Virginia,
op. cit., vol. v, pp. 6–7.

29.
Ibid., p. 9.

30.
Ibid., p. 10.

31.
Selby,
Dunmore,
op. cit., p. 70.

32.
Revolutionary Virginia,
op. cit., Vol. v, p. 10.

33.
Ibid., op. cit., vol. 5, p. 11.

34.
Kranish, op. cit., p. 80.

35.
Selby,
Dunmore,
p. 49. Selby points out that a story in
Dunmore’s Gazette
on January 15 touched on Virginian responsibility but was not followed up.

36.
Sir Henry Clinton,
The American Rebellion
(New Haven: Yale University Press, 1954), pp. 24–25.

37.
Selby,
The Revolution in Virginia,
op. cit., pp. 104–5.

38.
Selby,
Dunmore,
op. cit., p. 57.

39.
Ibid., pp. 59–60.

40.
Ibid.

41.
Guns on the Chesapeake,
op. cit., p. 144.

42.
Kranish, op. cit., p. 90.

43.
Ibid., p. 88.

44.
Syrett,
Royal Navy in American Waters,
op. cit., p. 20.

Chapter 23: Whaleboats, Row Galleys, Schooners, and Submarines: The Small-Ship Origins of the U.S. Navy

1.
French,
First Year,
op. cit., p. 109.

2.
William M. Fowler, Jr.,
Rebels Under Sail
(New York: Scribner’s, 1976), p. 28.

3.
George Daughan,
If By Sea
(New York: Basic Books, 2008), p. 17; Fowler, op. cit., p. 26.

4.
Fowler, op. cit., p. 26.

5.
Ibid., p. 28, Daughan, op. cit., p. 26.

6.
French,
First Year,
op. cit., p. 365.

7.
Lipscomb,
Carolina Lowcountry,
op. cit., p. 7.

8.
Ibid., p. 8.

9.
Ibid., pp. 8–20.

10.
French,
First Year,
op. cit., p. 367.

11.
Allen, op. cit., p. 43.

12.
Besides the
Hannah,
the names of Washington’s eight schooners were
Franklin, Harrison, Hancock, Lee, Thomas, Washington,
and
Warren.

13.
Manstan and Frese,
Turtle: David Bushnell’s Revolutionary Vessel
(Yardley, Penn.: Westholme, 2010), pp. 44–58.

14.
The War of the American Revolution
(Washington D.C.: Center of Military History, U.S. Army, 1975), pp. 93–96.

15.
Naval Documents of the American Revolution,
op. cit., vol. 2, pp. 302–3.

16.
William T. Munson, “Privateering in Vineyard Sound in the Revolution,” Woods Hole Museum occasional paper, pp. 3–4.

17.
Rossie, op. cit., p. 15.

18.
Naval Documents of the American Revolution,
op. cit., vol. 1, p. 630.

19.
Ibid., vol. 2, p. 869.

20.
Ibid., vol. 2, p. 935.

21.
“Battle of Brewster Island,” www.history.com/this-day-in-history/battle-of-brewster-island.

22.
James Warren to John Adams,
Naval Documents of the American Revolution,
op. cit., vol. 2, p. 1017.

23.
Ibid., vol. 1, p. 1019.

24.
Ibid., vol. 1, p. 1022.

25.
Ibid., vol. 1, pp. 1059–60.

26.
Joseph E. Garland,
The Fish and the Falcon
(Charleston, S.C.: History Press, 2006), p. 138.

27.
Fowler, op. cit., pp. 48–49.

28.
Naval Documents of the American Revolution,
op. cit., vol. 2, p. 28.

29.
Tim McGrath,
John Barry
(Yardley, Penn.: Westholme, 2010), p. 85.

30.
Daughan, op. cit., pp. 87–89.

31.
Ibid.

32.
Selby,
Dunmore,
op. cit., p. 55.

33.
Volo, op. cit., pp. 181 and 186–88.

34.
Nelson, op. cit., p. 82; Magra, op. cit., p. 183.

35.
Nelson, op. cit., p. 251.

36.
Ibid., p. 284.

37.
Kurlansky, op. cit., p. 83.

38.
Footner,
Tidewater Triumph,
op. cit., p. 47.

39.
Ibid., p. 49.

40.
Manstan and Frese, op. cit., p. 46.

41.
Ibid., p. 55.

42.
Ibid., p. 56.

43.
Ibid., pp. 262–63.

44.
Ibid., p. 269.

45.
William B. Clark, “American Naval Policy, 1775-1776,”
American Neptune
1 (1941), p. 26.

46.
Donald A. Yerxa, “Vice Admiral Samuel Graves and the North American Squadron, 1774–1776,” p. 381.

47.
Ibid.

Chapter 24: Europe, the Bourbon Compact, and the American Revolution

1.
Simms, op. cit., p. 504.

2.
Ibid., p. 517.

3.
Ibid., p. 515.

4.
Ibid., p. 592.

5.
Ibid., p. 473.

6.
Cummins, supra, p. 30.

7.
William Langer,
An Encyclopedia of World History
(Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1968), pp. 471, 536–37.

8.
Lydia Black,
Russians in Alaska
(Fairbanks: University of Alaska Press, 2004), pp. 79–91.

9.
Herbert K. Beals, trans.,
For Honor and Country: The Diary of Bruno de Hezeta
(Portland: Oregon Historical Society, 1985), p. 26.

10.
Black, op. cit., p. 91.

11.
Beals, op. cit., p. 26.

12.
Ibid., pp. 39–43.