A Workbook to Communicative Grammar of English (38 page)

Task five **

1.
a morose, tubby man
: specific, indefinite, first mention –
by the name of
: identity established by postmodifier (
of
-phrase) –
a story
: specific, indefinite, first mention –
(the) scum
: identity established by postmodifier (relative clause) –
a sympathetic but slightly bored way
: specific, indefinite, first mention –
the gun
: second or third mention –
a car salesman
: generic use (any member of the species) –
a sale
: specific, indefinite, first mention –
the technical virtues and drawbacks
: postmodifier (
of
-phrase) –
the various models
: postmodifer (relative clause) –
an odd feeling
: specific, indefinite, first mention

2.
on impulse
: used in a generic sense (abstract mass noun) –
drawbacks
: indefinite article shared with ‘
technical virtues
’ –
on sale
: generic use (abstract mass noun)

Task six ***

1. Generic uses of the article:

– Definite article before singular noun:
the tiger
;
the lion, cheetah and leopard
;
the pride
;
the large male lion
;
the pride(’s)
;
the lion
;
the female

– Indefinite article before singular noun:
a fully-grown tiger
;
a fully-grown lion
;
an area

– Zero article before plural noun:
lions, tigers, cheetahs and leopards
;
strong, razor-sharp teeth and claws, muscular bodies and excellent senses
;
unwary zebras, giraffes and other prey
;
big cats
;
snow leopards
;
jaguars
;
lakes
;
trees
;
lions
;
groups
;
prides
;
other males
;
lions, tigers, and other big cats
;
carnivores
;
flesh eaters
;
lions
;
large prey
;
antelopes and zebras

– Zero article before mass noun:
such awe

2. Few creatures are held in such awe as
the lion, the tiger, the cheetah and the leopard
, which we often call the big cats. These agile predators have strong, razor-sharp teeth and claws, muscular bodies and excellent senses. Their beautiful striped and dappled fur camouflages among the trees, allowing them to leap from the shadows to ambush
the unwary zebra, giraffe and other prey
. There are seven kinds of big cats.
Tigers are the largest
.
Fully-grown tigers
may measure more than three meters from nose to tail;
fully-grown lions are
almost as big.

The first cats lived 45 million years ago. Many, including the lion, cheetah and leopard, still inhabit parts of Africa.
The snow leopard dwells
in the mountains of Asia.
The jaguar is
the largest of the big cats in North and South America.
It is
equally at home swimming in
a lake
or climbing in
a tree
.

The lion
is
the only big cat
that
lives
in
a group
, called
a pride
, which may be up to thirty strong.
Prides roam
over
areas
of 100 sq km or more, depending on the abundance of prey in
those areas
.
Large male lions protect a pride’s
territory against other prides.
Lions
also
defend females
against other males.

The lion, the tiger
and other big cats are true carnivores (flesh eaters).
A lion
usually
eats
large prey such as
the antelope
and
the zebra
. One giraffe is often enough to feed a whole pride of lions.

4.4. Other words of definite meaning

Sections 91–101; 521; 619; 667

Task one *

1.  the – the; 2. the – the; 3. Ø; 4. the – the; 5. Ø; 6. Ø – the – the; 7. the; 8. Ø; 9. –; 10. a; 11. –; 12. the

Task two **

1.  She; 2. Doctors in the emergency departments of hospitals sometimes have to deal with violent patients so they need police support.;
3.  they – him; 4. These days teachers aren’t paid enough money and they often leave …; 5. It – it (or: she) – It (or: She); 6. she; 7. he; 8. They – it – it; 9. He – they; 10. it

Task three *

1.  E; 2. I; 3. I; 4. E; 5. I; 6. I

Task four *

You shouldn’t take it for granted that you’ll be admitted to a top university simply because you’ve been to the right school. People say that, on occasion, you can be rather disadvantaged if you’ve been to certain schools. They say that colleges like to have a balance of scholars from different backgrounds. So if your background group is full, nothing can be done.

Task five **

1.  F; 2. B; 3. B; 4. F; 5. B; 6. F – S; 7. F – S; 8. S; 9. B – F; 10. F

4.5. Expressions using ‘of’ and the genitive

Sections 102–107; 530–535

Task one *

Genitive phrases:
the art gallery’s
;
the Shearers’
;
David Shearer’s
;
the local school’s
;
the Cambridge college’s
;
Mason’s
;
the region’s
;
Mason’s

Of
-phrases:
of the early drawings
;
of Keith Mason
;
of the region
;
of David Shearer’s
;
of a very individual talent
;
of the Cambridge college’s regular visiting lecturers
;
of several galleries in the region
;
of his paintings

Task two **

1.  a teacher’s work; 2. the writers circle; 3. the over-fifties’ club; 4. Shakespeare’s plays; 5. Bruce Willis’s/Willis’ early films; 6. the United States’ economic policies; 7. the government’s performance; 8. the Managing Director’s car; 9. yesterday’s news; 10. an old boys network

Task three **

1.  people who live in Africa; 2. the main entrance; 3. the workers have concern (or: are concerned); 4. some journalists are dishonest; 5. there are no ideas; 6. ordinary people are courageous; 7. a bottle which contains wine; 8. a number of things (have) caused the economic crash; 9. his complaint resulted in; 10. the meeting has been (or: was) postponed

Task four **

Task five ***

Task six *

1.  today’s meeting; 2. the world’s most successful airline; 3. an hour’s wait; 4. Britain’s oldest married couple; 5. Scotland’s highest mountain; 6. a month’s delay; 7. a minute’s pause; 8. Liverpool’s favourite son; 9. London’s worst kept secret; 10. last year’s bush fires

UNIT FIVE

Time, tense and aspect

5.1. Auxiliary verbs

Sections 477–478; 582; 735

Task one *

primary auxiliaries
:
was (biting)
;
had (cut)
;
had (never heard)
;
had (met)
;
be (telling)
;
did (laugh)
;
have (appreciated)
;
don’t (mock)
;
wasn’t (mocking)
;
didn’t (like)
;
(to) be (laughed at)

modal auxiliaries
:
can (count)
;
might (not be telling)
;
would (have appreciated)
;
must (know)

Task two *

1a. It’s going; 1b. I’ll do; 2a. I’d made; 2b. didn’t notice; 3a. needn’t worry; 3b. haven’t come back; 4a. Jim’s been; 4b. he’d better; 5a. We’re getting; 5b. who’ve been; 6. everybody’s listening; 7a. We mustn’t; 7b. we’re not setting; 8a. I don’t approve; 8b. you’ve done; 8c. I won’t tell; 9a. I’d be; 9b. I’m afraid; 9c. I can’t; 10a. Shouldn’t the Robinsons have told us; 10b. they weren’t going

5.2. The auxiliary verbs
do, have
and
be

Sections 479–482; 736

Task one *

1a. main; 1b. auxiliary; 2a. auxiliary; 2b. main; 3a. main; 3b. auxiliary; 4a. main; 4b. main; 5a. auxiliary; 5b. main; 6a. auxiliary; 6b. main; 7a. main; 7b. auxiliary; 8a. auxiliary; 8b. main; 9a. main; 9b. auxiliary; 10a. main; 10b. auxiliary

Task two *

5.3. The modal auxiliaries

Sections 483–485; 736

Task **

5.4. Meanings and forms

Sections 113–115; 573–578; 740–741

Task one **

Task two (suggested answers) ***