Alan Turing: The Enigma (127 page)

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Authors: Andrew Hodges

Tags: #Biography & Autobiography, #Science & Technology, #Computers, #History, #Mathematics, #History & Philosophy

BOOK: Alan Turing: The Enigma
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computer (digital, electronic, stored-program),
plans of 1945 for: AMT’s
290–5
,
317

337
; in United States
295

305
;
see also
Universal Turing machine; EDVAC, for origins of;
see also
Cambridge, Manchester, IAS computers
Computing Machinery and Intelligence
(AMT’s paper of 1950)
see Mind
conditional branching
277
,
298–9
,
301
,
323
,
338
,
343
,
391
confirmation (of AMT)
26
consistency and contradictions, mathematical
82–4
,
91–3
,
109
,
153–4
;
see also
Gödel;
in Enigma analysis
179–84
core-position (of Enigma)
169
Corfu
486
Cornwall
48–9
,
68
Cory, D. W.
448
n
Courant, R.
86
,
117–8
Crawford, Jack and Mary
132
,
142
,
245
,
264
Crawshay-Williams, R.
418
Crick, Francis H. C.
410
n,
431
cryptanalysis
see under
Poland; GC and CS (Britain); CSAW (United States);
B. Dienst
(Germany)
cryptogram puzzles, AMT bad at
128
,
249
cryptography
see
ciphers
crystallography
410–1
,
445
,
477
CSAW (US Naval cryptanalysis)
235
,
243
;
AMT works with
243–4
,
252
;
and computers
342
,
413
cybernetics
343
,
403–5
,
411–4
,
446
,
469
;
see also
Ratio Club
Cybernetics
(Wiener)
403
cycle (as used in Enigma analysis)
172
Cypher Policy Board
346
cyphers
see
ciphers
Czüber
88
Daily Mirror
238–9
,
279
Daily Telegraph
348
daisy, growth of
11
,
13
,
207–8
,
494
Dalton, Hugh
370
Darlington, W. S.
10
,
16
,
17
Darwin, Charles (evolutionist)
33
,
78
,
108
,
377
Darwin, Charles G.:
director of NPL
305
,
307
;
endorses ACE
336–7
;
responsible for ACE
340–2
,
347
,
349–53
,
365–8
,
372
,
374–6
,
407
;
wit and wisdom
357
,
364–5
,
388
,
470
;
curses AMT, note 6,
47
data processing
332
,
401
n
David, Robin, prosecutes AMT
471–2
Davies, Donald W.
368
Davis, E. (Ben)
46
,
48
death (of AMT)
487–8
deciban, quantity of likeliness
197
decidability, decision problems
see Entscheidungs problem;
word problem;
also
trees
Dedekind, R.
82–3
degrees
see
examinations
delay lines, acoustic, as computer storage:
principle of
315
,
322
,
328
,
334
;
AMT’s home-made
315–6
,
366
;
Post Office developments
328
,
336–7
,
340
;
Cambridge developments
351
,
375
,
406
;
American developments
355
Delilah
(speech encipherment system):
AMT’s idea
269–70
,
273–76
building of
278
,
284–8
,
290
;
influences of
294
,
329
,
339
,
343
;
fate of
346
Denning, N.
187–8
Denniston, Alastair
146–8
,
151
,
177
,
204
,
223
Department of Scientific and Industrial Research
see
DSIR
determinism and free-will:
idea of causality
13
,
63–6
;
arguments for free-will
78–9
,
211
,
266
,
361–2
,
377–8
,
414–5
,
417
,
430–1
,
475
;
Laplacian determinism
64
,
290–1
;
and quantum mechanics
66
,
79
,
137
,
441–2
;
relation to Turing machine
96
,
107–9
,
144
,
211
,
266
,
290–1
,
384
,
417
,
441–2
diary, AMT’s at school
54
,
62
differential analyser
155
,
250
,
296
,
306
,
316
,
335
,
342
,
357
Dinard, Brittany
15
,
16
,
18
Dirac, P. A.M.
61
,
140
n,
495
DNA (molecular basis of genetics)
252
,
410
,
431
Dollis Hill
see
Post Office Research Station
‘Don’see Bayley, Donald
Dönitz
199
,
224
n
Donnelly, D.
505
Dorking
346
,
353
draughts, on computer
442
,
477
dreams
216
,
249
,
452
,
481
,
481
n,
491
DSIR (Department of Scientific and Industrial Research)
and ACE
333
,
336–7
,
340
,
367
;
and Cambridge computer
375
Dudley, H. W.
245
Duffy, Roy
445
Dunn, C. W.
469
Eachus, J.
243
Ebermannstadt, Bavaria
312
Eccles, David
506
Eckert, J. P.
300
,
302
,
315
,
328
,
355
,
413
,
438
economics
71–3
,
308
,
404
Eddington, Arthur S.:
and astronomy
34
,
40
,
61
;
and significance of quantum mechanics
51
,
64–6
,
79
,
414
,
441
;
and Central Limit Theorem
87
;
and Fundamental Theory
453–4
,
512–4
EDSAC (Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Computer)
see
Cambridge University, computer at
education see school; learning
EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Computer)
302–4
,
306–7
,
315
,
318
,
320–1
,
323
,
326
,
342–3
,
355
,
355
n,
365
,
390
n;
see also
IAS, computer at
Edward VIII, King
121–3
,
131
,
140
n
Einstein, Albert
34–5
,
52
,
65
,
86
,
117–8
,
266
Eisenhart, L. P.
118
,
130
,
144
,
371
electron, named by AMT’s relative
16
,
225
electronic engineering: at Bletchley
225–7
,
231
,
263
,
267
;
see also
Colossus;
AMT learns
245
,
249
,
278
,
285–6
;
see also
Delilah;
and ACE plan
294
,
328–9
,
334
;
lack of at NPL
338
,
365–7
,
376
;
and Manchester computer
340
,
349
,
385
,
391–4
,
402–3
,
478
Elizabeth II, Queen: as princess
371
;
accession of
455
Ellis, H. Havelock
77
,
458
embryology
see under
growth
Emmet, Dorothy
415
Empress of Scotland
(ship)
253
,
255
,
273
endocrinology
see
hormones
engagement, to be married
206
,
216
,
264
engineering and applied science:
AMT’s mother’s family
3
,
16
,
23
;
Morcom family
38
,
49
;
Beuttell family
56
,
68
,
136
;
AMT and electrical engineering
140
,
155
,
181
;
AMT and mechanical engineering
156–7
;
then see
electronic engineering
English Electric (company)
339
,
366
ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator)
300–3
;
influence
304
,
306
,
317
,
335
,
342
,
347–8
,
355
,
365
n;
as Turing machine
383
,
385
Enigma (cipher machine):
description
166–70
,
224
;
general German use
147–8
,
165
;
indicator systems
171
,
173
;
use by German army
220
,
223
,
237
;
German air force
185–6
,
188

191
,
200–1
;
German navy
172
,
187–90
,
195–6
,
198

201
,
217–9
,
222–4
,
234
,
243–4
,
252
,
260
,
262–3
,
288
;
German security service
175
,
187
Ennismore Avenue, Turing family home in
see
Guildford
Entscheidungs problem
(of Hilbert,
q.v.
):
described
91–3
;
AMT attacks
96

109
;
and Church’s work
111–4
;
related problems
143
,
412
Eperson, D. B.
32
,
34–5
,
38
,
43
,
51
,
129
Erewhon
(Butler)
73–4
,
361
,
382
,
406

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