Read All Hell Let Loose Online
Authors: Max Hastings
Somervell, Gen. Brehon, 349
Somerville, Adm. Sir James, 81, 667
Sorge, Richard, 160
Sorpe dam, 481–2
Sosnkowska, Jadwiga, 18
Sotnik, Misha, 385–6
South Africa: troops in North Africa, 132, 137; coloured and black recruits, 411; treatment of Indians, 418
South America: remoteness from war, 398; Nazi refugees in, 671
Soviet Russia: agrees to partition of Poland, 2; non-aggression pact with Germany (1939), 2–3; occupies eastern Poland (1939), 15–16; deportations and atrocities in Poland, 21; invades Finland, 31–7; Finnish armistice, 37; and effect of fall of France, 74–5; rearmament, 75, 141; Germany plans invasion, 93, 97–100, 113; as cultural threat to Germany, 139–40; Germans invade, 139, 143–5, 661; German treatment of, 141–2, 149, 153, 180; German strategy in, 142, 177–8; repressive regime, 142–3; military strength and deployment, 143–4, 302; sends material aid to Germany, 143; early German successes and advance, 145–8, 156–8, 165; atrocities against Germans, 149; executions for supposed cowardice or desertion, 150, 169, 179, 310, 337; patriotic enthusiasm and resolution, 151, 156, 179–82; factories evacuated to east, 152; Jews slaughtered by Nazis, 152–3; total mobilisation, 152–3; ethnic deportations, 153; wartime industrial output, 153, 302, 662; casualties, 153, 177, 181, 324–5, 382, 395, 441, 547, 669; partisan movement and actions, 154–5, 391, 546; German collaborators in, 155; difficult terrain and weather, 160–1, 165–6; Hitler speculates on breach with Western Powers, 164; inept tactics, 166; mounts offensive (December 1942), 166–7; condition of German soldiers in, 175; Model repels Red Army, 176; prisoners of war ill-treated by Germans, 178, 505, 510; quality of artillery, 178; underestimated by Germans, 179; ruthlessness, 179; British popular support and admiration for, 181–2; neutrality pact with Japan (1941), 192; skirmish with Japan (Nomonhan Incident, 1939), 192; and US war plans, 199–200; Allied supplies to, 200, 269, 284, 293, 304, 322–3; size of battlefields and forces, 236; Arctic convoys to, 284–90; unwelcoming reception of visiting Allied sailors, 293; religious revival, 299; renewed German gains, 300–1; German rations in, 301–2; releases prisoners for war service, 302; soldiers’ suffering, 304; Western view of military situation, 304–5; secretive and uncooperative nature, 305; defeats under Budyonny (August 1942), 306; German setbacks (autumn 1942–spring 1943), 307, 320; low civilian morale, 307; women in action and work, 309, 311, 354–6, 358; stoicism, 319; advance against Germans, 320, 394–6, 548–50; armaments output, 322, 381; civilians’ reaction to war, 338; agricultural inefficiency and food shortages, 349; Ultra intelligence passed to, 368; view of North African campaign, 376; civilians’ conditions and shortages, 381; middle-rank military weaknesses, 382; children’s sufferings, 384–5; soldiers’ anger at German depredations, 385; army deserters, 386; ignorance of war in remote areas, 400; recruits from Asian republics, 400; campaign in Manchuria (1945), 438; dominant contribution to victory, 441; criticises Western Allies’ sluggish ground campaigns, 450; air force effectiveness, 474; gulag and prison camps, 496–7; anti-Semitism, 514–15; renews assaults in north (winter 1943–4), 525; deception operations, 527; fighting qualities, 544; refuses to support Warsaw uprising, 588; winter offensive (1944–5), 590, 597; attack on Budapest, 599–601; casualties in Budapest, 605; captures Berlin, 613; joins war against Japan, 646, 650; displaced persons in, 654; repression at war’s end, 654–5; deaths in immediate post-war period, 657; post-war antagonism with West, 659; Churchill welcomes as ally, 661; dominates Eastern Europe, 661, 665; achieves war aims, 665;
see also
Red Army; Stalin, JosefSpaatz, Gen. Carl (‘Tooey’), 637, 651
Spain: remains neutral, 111–14, 398
Spanish Civil War: German Condor Legion in, 473
special forces, 325
Special Operations Executive (SOE): women agents, 358; in Albania, 406; in Yugoslavia, 466
Spectator
(journal), 335Speer, Albert, 480, 483, 621
Spicer, Tom, 92
Spiller, Capt. Eberhard, 45
Spooner, Rear-Adm. Jack, 211
Sprague, Rear-Adm. Clifton, USN, 572–3
Springett, George, 95
Spruance, Adm. Raymond, USN, 244, 247, 250–3, 436, 439, 566–7, 667
SS (Schutzstaffel): and Nazi Jewish policy, 508–12, 519–20
Stafilakas, Sgt. Diamantis, 117
Stahl, Peter, 89
Stahlberg, Alexander, 9
Stahlecker, Police Gen. Walter, 148–9
Stalin, Josef: and Jewish suffering, xvii; pact with Nazis, 3, 8; and partition and occupation of Poland, 3, 15; as prospective ally against Germany, 8; early deliberate neutrality, 22; invades Finland, 30–2, 35–6; conditions for Finnish peace, 38; and defeat of France, 74–5; annexes Baltic states, 75; territorial expansionism, 99; and prospective war with Germany, 141; ignores warnings of German invasion, 143; collapse and withdrawal to dacha, 149; broadcasts appeal to Soviet people, 150, 163–4; military inexperience, 150, 166–7, 177–8, 181; as Supreme Commander, 150–1; justifies enforced industrialisation, 153; military strength, 158; and defence of Moscow, 162; Voroshilov attacks, 169; orders attack to relieve Leningrad, 173; rejects wholesale evacuation of Leningrad, 175; seeks to make common cause with Hitler, 182; war aims, 182; Western Allies fear separate peace with Germany, 200; and Russian religious revival, 299; directs New Year offensive (1942), 300; misjudges German aims (1942), 302; authorises strategic retreat from Voronezh, 303; and defence of Stalingrad, 303; delegates operational control in battle, 305, 308; appoints Zhukov Deputy Supreme Commander, 307; and Battle of Stalingrad, 309; appointed marshal, 320; successes, 322; not informed of Ultra, 368; orders frontal assaults after Kursk victory, 393; deports ethnic minorities, 496; amnesties Poles, 498; derides Western Allies for feebleness, 533; on pursuit of Germans, 546; welcomes Allied war in West, 588; sanctions pillage and rape by Red Army, 605, 629; final confrontation with Hitler, 608; claims capture of Berlin, 613; victory ceremony in Berlin, 630; promises attack on Manchuria, 646; incompatability with West, 659, 661; learns from mistakes, 662; consequences of policies, 665; controls Soviet military machine, 665; interferes with generals, 668;
see also
Soviet RussiaStalingrad: German defeat, 165, 320–1, 380; German advance on, 302–3, 305–7; Zhukov takes command at, 307–8; Battle of (1942–3), 308–11, 315–18; casualties, 320–1; effect of victory on Red Army morale, 320
Stanford-Tuck, Bob, 84
Starczyński, Stefan, 11, 17, 22
Stark, Adm. Harold (‘Betty’), 185, 199
Starr, Lt.Col. George, 406
Starvation
, Operation, 638Stauffenberg, Col. Claus von, 551
Steinbeck, John, 184, 197, 336
Steinhilper, Ulrich, 85, 87, 89
Stevens, Kenneth, 348
Stewart, Ian, 122
Stilwell, Gen. Joseph, 223–4, 559–60, 634
Stimson, Henry Lewis, 187, 647
Stockwell, Laurie, 471
Stoneman, Eva, 403
Storrie, Col. Carl, 651
Straub, Ruth, 232
Street, Arthur, 29, 91
Striem, Solomon, 524
Strong, Maj. Gen. Kenneth, 591
Stroop, Lt.Cdr. Paul, 238–9
Stuka dive bombers (German), 82
Stülpnagel, Karl-Heinrich von, 511
Stumme, Georg von, 122
submarines: US effectiveness against Japan, 558–9, 640;
see also
U-boatsSuchcitz, Andrzej, 17
Suffolk, Charles Henry George Howard, 20th Earl of (‘Wild Jack’), 95–6
Sullivan, Mr and Mrs Thomas (of Waterloo, Iowa), 262
Sumatra: Churchill proposes operations in, 559
Sumiya, Lt., 216
Sun Li-jen, Gen., 223
Suner, Serrano, 112
Superfortress (US B-29 bomber), 637–9
Suppanz, Emmy, 576
Surcouf
(French submarine), 80Surkov, Lt., 395
Swaminadhan, Kashmi, 415
Sweden: iron ore supplies to Germany, 39, 49;
Molotov’s interest in, 98–9; neutrality, 398–9
Switzerland: neutrality, 398; wartime profits and appropriations, 399–400
Swordfish torpedo bombers, 285
Syfret, Vice-Adm. Edward, 295
Syria: French in, 107, 124–5; British occupation resisted, 125–8
T4 euthanasia programme (Nazi), 507
T-34 tanks (Soviet), 166–7, 179, 322, 381, 390
tactical air forces (Allied), 664
Tadao, Hayashi, 201
Tadimichi, Lt.Gen. Kuibayashi, 201
Takahashi, Maj. Shoji, 638, 651
Takenonori, Nakao, 644
Takeo, Kasuga, 642–3
Takushima, Norimitsu, 643
Takushiro, Col. Hattori, 672
tanks: in North African campaign, 129; in Battle of Kursk, 387–9; German superiority in Normandy, 540;
see also
T-34 tanks; Tiger tanksTapscott, Robert, 277
Taranto, Battle of (1940), 294
Tarasevichi, Russia, 384
Tarawa, Gilbert Islands, 436–8
Tarczyński, Piotr, 5, 7, 13
Tassarfonga Point (Pacific), 262
Tatsuro, Lt. Izumiya, 196, 220
Tedder, Air Marshal Sir Arthur, 667
Tehran conference (1943), 588
Telegin, Grigory, 385
Teller, Edward, 648
Temkin, Gabriel, 152
Tennant, Capt. William, 207
Tewes, Ernst, 160
Thach, Jimmy, 249–50
Thapa, Sherbadur, 457
Thiaroye, near Dakar, 411
Thomas, Sir Shenton, 203, 210
Thompson, Pfc ‘Red’, 329
Thorpe, Capt. Norman, 212
Thue, Col. David, 48
Tiger tanks (German), 445, 449, 540
Times, The
: on sympathy for Poland, 17Timoshenko, Gen. Semyon, 301
Tito, Marshal Josip Broz, 465–9, 629
Tobruk, 114–15, 128–9, 131, 137–8, 294, 364, 411
Todt, Fritz, 163
Toffey, Lt.Col. Jack, 456, 528
Tojo, Gen. Hideki, 195
Tokayer, Alfred, 404
Tokyo: bombed by USA, 237, 429, 638; war crimes trials, 672
Tolstukhin, Aleksei, 383
Tomlin, Christopher, 51
Tootle, Ensign Milton, 251
Tooze, Adam, 352, 483–4, 504
Topp, Erich, 278–9
Torch
, Operation, 282, 298, 365, 375–6Torgau, 612
Toru, Takase, 500
Tout, Ken, 541
Tovey, Adm. Sir John, 290
Toyoda, Adm. Soemu, 565–7
Trapp, Maj. Wilhelm, 521
Trevelyan, George Macaulay, 400
Triantafillos, Spyros, 117
Tripartite Pact (Germany–Italy–Japan, 1940), 112, 187, 193
Tripoli: falls to British, 375
True, Bill, 586
Truman, Harry S.: on US racketeering and profiteering, 230; and development of atom bomb, 647–8; fails to deliver ultimatum before use of A-bomb, 649–50; announces Japan’s unconditional surrender, 651; and European Jews, 674
Truscott, Gen. Lucian, 595, 667
Trutz, Hildegard, 619, 671
Tsapounis, Ahmet, 116
Tsuchi, Corp. Tominosuke, 212
Tsuchida, William, 586
Tsuji, Col. Masanobu, 209, 215–16, 263
Tu Lu Ming, Gen., 223
Tunis, 379
Tunisia, 375, 377
Tuominen, Arvo, 31
Turin, Italy: bombed, 491
Turing, Alan, 368
Turkey: neutrality, 398
Turner, Rear-Adm. Kelly, USN, 255–6
Tutt, Gunner Len, 115
Tzannetakis, George, 122
U-boats: as threat, 270, 272–3; war against, 272–3, 280; numbers, 273, 282; campaign, 274–5; types and equipment, 274; and Ultra intercepts, 275–6, 278, 283; employed in Mediterranean and Norway, 278, 294; sinkings, 278, 280–1, 283; successes on US east coast, 278–9; conditions and crews, 279; ‘wolf packs’, 279, 282–3; attacks on Atlantic convoys, 280–1; attacks on Arctic convoys, 293; new models, 483
Ukraine: in German strategy, 144–5; anti-Russian actions, 145; young women deported to Germany, 153; guerrilla fighters in, 156; welcomes Germans, 158, 405; Russians reoccupy, 392; and extermination of Jews, 511
Ultra intercepts: and Crete operation, 123; in Pacific war, 237, 244, 265, 267, 369, 566; of U-boat positions, 275–6, 278, 283; and PQ17 convoy, 290; in Mediterranean campaign, 298; aids Allies in North Africa, 367, 372, 378; as critical influence for Allies, 367–8; on German intentions in Italy, 443; on German evacuation of Sicily, 449; inadequate intelligence on effect of bombing of Germany, 483; and Hitler’s counter-attack plan in Normandy, 554; and German pessimism in autumn 1944, 577; on German strength at Arnhem, 579; on German Ardennes offensive, 591; and Slim’s Burma campaign, 633
Umberto, Crown Prince of Italy, 459
Umezu, Gen. Yoshijiro, 648
Unit 731 (Japanese biological warfare), 428–9, 672
United States of America: total casualties, xviii, 324–5, 670; shipping freed from British contraband searches, 39; industrial strength, 101, 663; enters war (December 1941), 165, 190, 197–8; view of war in Europe, 182–9; rearmament and conscription measures, 184; destroyers-for-bases deal with Britain, 186; isolationism, 186–7, 189–90; material aid for Britain, 186; embargoes on Japan, 188, 194; Japan attacks, 188, 191, 195–6; industrial disputes, 189; opposition to admitting foreign refugees, 189; and Japanese threat, 194; domestic values, 197–8; North African landings (November 1942) and campaign, 198, 282, 361, 366, 377–8; remoteness from conflict and privations, 198; gives priority to defeat of Germany, 199, 254; military assessments and plans, 199–200; shipbuilding, 199, 275, 284, 361; supplies China by Burma Road, 222; economic output, 228–9; popular response to war, 228–31; racketeering and profiteering, 229–30, 339; atrocities on Guadalcanal, 257–8; convoy escort duties, 276; shipping losses on east coast, 280; aid to Russia, 284, 293, 323; satisfaction with society, 335; food availability, 348–9; declines to send food to Europe, 351; women workers, 353–4; armaments production, 361; military build-up, 362–3; lacks faith in British Eighth Army, 365; intelligence sharing with Britain, 368; setbacks in North Africa, 377–8; detains Nisei Japanese, 400–1; readiness to make separate peace with Germany, 400; heterogeneity and national groups, 401–2; racism, 401–2; anti-imperialism, 407–8, 420, 664; behaviour of servicemen in India, 420–1; conduct of Pacific campaign, 432–8; supports Nationalist China, 432; commitment to war against Japan, 433; contribution to victory, 441, 663; favours early landings in France, 442; casualties in Italy, 453, 456; anti-Semitism, 516; popular view of Germans, 518; presses for invasion of Europe, 532; infantry weapons, 539–40; non-cooperation with Britain in Asia, 560; closes ring on Japan, 564; army’s behaviour in Europe, 587; army faces Ardennes offensive (winter 1944–5), 590–1; army meets Russians at Torgau, 612; war weariness, 641; develops atomic bomb, 647; low human cost of war, 662–3; operational relationship with British, 664