At Canaan's Edge (139 page)

“shrill cries of Negro militants”: Evans and Novak, “Inside Report: Civil Rights Disaster,” WP, Nov. 24, 1965, p. 17.

five aspiring black voters were evicted: Selma WATS report, Nov. 11, 1965, Reel 16, SNCC.

“Folks there are understandably jumpy”: Undated memo from “Janet, Tina,” regarding the ASCS workshops, Reel 37, SNCC.

interest in the practical workings of ASCS crop loans: Eagles,
Outside Agitator,
pp. 134–36.

nearly two-thirds of the eligible farmers were black: Ibid., p. 198.

“We did it fair and square”: “New Political Group in Lowndes to Name Own Negro Candidates,” SC, Jan. 1–2, 1966, p. 1.

“star of stage, screen, and television”: Selma WATS report, Nov. 16, 1965, Reel 16, SNCC.

“running scared”: Diary of Francis Walter, Dec. 17, 1965, p. 77, courtesy of Francis Walter.

birthday party for Sammy Younge: Forman,
Sammy Younge,
p. 181.

Tuskegee students who had been drawn into demonstrations: Cf. SC, July 30, 1965, p. 1.

a light-skinned Tuskegee family: Forman,
Sammy Younge,
pp. 31–33, 56, 70–71, 139, 154–59, 174–79.

served as a maid in his household: Int. Cleveland Sellers and Gwendolyn Patton, April 15, 2000.

farm-based activists for a trek to Atlanta: Atlanta WATS report, Dec. 6, 1965, Reel 16, SNCC; Jeffries, “Freedom Politics,” pp. 95–98; Hampton and Fayer,
Voices,
pp. 276–77.

“The workshop spent one day”: Jack Minnis to Jack O'Dell, Dec. 18, 1965, JMP.

reacted negatively to several proposed choices: Jeffries, “Freedom Politics,” pp. 95–98.

the third trial of the Klansmen: Stanton,
From Selma,
pp. 128–30; NYT, Nov. 30, 1965, p. 33.

Gary Thomas Rowe refused to testify: Hoover to Tolson et al., Nov. 24, 1965, FVL-635.

“I am prepared to help you obtain”: Katzenbach to Gary Thomas Rowe, Nov. 27, 1965, attachment to Document 40, Gary Thomas Rowe, Jr., Headquarters Informant File, FBI.

restrictions that had chafed: Int. Richmond Flowers, Aug. 9, 1990.

“by any means necessary”: NYT, Dec. 1, 1965, p. 32.

Hoover startled Katzenbach: Hoover to Tolson et al., 3:13
P.M
., Dec. 3, 1965, FVL-611; Hoover to Tolson et al., 3:18
P.M
., Dec. 3, 1965, FCT-NR; Stanton,
From Selma,
p. 128; Sikora,
Judge,
p. 262.

a second Alabama jury: NYT, Dec. 1, 1965, p. 32; NYT, Dec. 2, 1965, p. 37; Dec. 3, 1965, p. 1;
Jet,
Dec. 9, 1965, p. 9; Mendelsohn,
Martyrs,
p. 194; SC, July 23, 1965, p. 1.

Doar lapsed briefly: NYT, Dec. 4, 1965, p. 35; Bass,
Taming,
p. 256ff.

“Really, it was quite a trial”: LBJ phone call with Nicholas Katzenbach, 4:10
P.M
., Dec. 3, 1965, Cit. 9311, Audiotape WH6512.02, LBJ.

“the whole nation can take heart”: NYT, Dec. 4, 1965, p. 1.

Atlanta workshops sank into the mechanics: Jeffries, “Freedom Politics,” pp. 93–97.

Presenters shared legal research: Cf. William Kunstler to Stokely Carmichael, with attachments, Dec. 10 [1965], Reel 37, SNCC.

“During the discussions”: SNCC research, “Background on the Development of Political Strategy and Political Leadership in Lowndes County, Alabama,” July 1966, p. 7, Reel 18, SNCC.

“who's pulling the levers of power”: Int. Jack Minnis, April 7–8, 2001.

“We went into the concept of”: Jack Minnis to Jack O'Dell, Dec. 18, 1965, JMP.

“News about the new freedom organization”: Atlanta WATS report, Dec. 6, 1965, Reel 16, SNCC.

asked Rev. Francis Walter to help investigate reprisals: Nov. 21 entry regarding call from Rev. Bruce Hanson, “Selma Inter-religious Project, Calendar of Wilcox County Events,” BIR/FW2f15.

followed a wilderness road: Diary of Francis Walter, Dec. 9, 1965, p. 68, courtesy of Francis Walter.

backtracking the river-looped county: Int. Francis Walter, Sept. 7, 2000.

Freedom Quilting Bee: Callahan,
Quilting Bee,
passim, especially pp. 3–4, 13–18, 57–67.

Nearly all the folk artisans: Ibid., pp. 143–241.

acquitted the three men charged with the beating death: NYT, Dec. 11, 1965, p. 1; Stanton,
From Selma,
p. 48.

Richmond Flowers denounced: NYT, Dec. 18, 1965, p. 17.

“Reeb Verdict Outrages Justice Department”: WP, Dec. 13, 1965, p. 3. The jury foreman, William Vaughan, had resigned from St. Paul's Episcopal Church to protest its token integration the previous spring. Another juror, Harry Vardaman, was the brother of defense alibi witness Ben Vardaman, who was implicated in the Reeb attack by federal investigators.

Gene Roberts surfaced the first hint: “Student Rights Group Lacks Money and Help but Not Projects,” NYT, Dec. 10, 1965, p. 37.

Ruth Howard and other SNCC artists: Int. Bob Mants, Sept. 8, 2000; int. Gloria Larry House, June 29, 2000. The history of the panther logo was recalled in e-mail exchanges over the Ole Miss–based SNCC mailing list, including notes posted as follows: Bob Zellner, March 3, 2002; Margaret Herring, March 5, 2002; Charlie Cobb, March 5, 2002; Dorothy Zellner, March 5, 2002; Judy Richardson, March 5, 2002; Jack Minnis, March 5, 2002; Patrick Jones, March 5, 2002; Scott B. Smith, March 15, 2002.

He called Stanley Levison: Wiretap transcript of telephone conversation between Stanley Levison and MLK, 12:40
P.M
., Dec. 2, 1965, FLNY-9-776a.

he had preached in Gittelson's synagogue: Wiretap transcript of telephone conversation between Stanley Levison and MLK, 11:40
A.M
., Dec. 4, 1965, FLNY-9-778.

Levison dictated paragraphs by relay: Wiretap transcript of telephone conversation between Stanley Levison and Dora McDonald, 1:20
P.M
., Nov. 24, 1965, FLNY-9-768a.

“The stirring lesson of this age”: MLK address, Dec. 5, 1965, A/KS.

Micah on beating swords into plowshares: Micah 4:3.

“Yea, when you make many prayers”: Isaiah 1:15–16.

“Dr. King Sees Move Against Pacifists”: NYT, Dec. 6, 1965, p. 73; New York LHM dated Dec. 7, 1965, FK-2137.

an interview arranged by Stanley Levison: Wiretap transcript of telephone conversation between Stanley Levison and Clarence Jones, 9:32
P.M
., Oct. 25, 1965, FLNY-9-738a; New York LHM dated Oct. 28, 1965, FK-NR.

“And so I have been a Dodger fan”: Transcript, “Martin Luther King, Jr.: A Personal Portrait, in Conversation with Arnold Michaelis,” WOR-TV, April 3, 1973, MS 2952, b7f6, AMS, p. 3.

a mob of nearly two hundred had blocked: SCLC Alabama press release dated Dec. 1, 1965, A/KP28f6.

“This was a heart-melting demonstration”: Rev. Samuel B. Wells, “Report from Butler County, Alabama,” A/SC165f12; Branch,
Parting,
pp. 612–14, 867–68.

arrested Young and his passengers alike: FBI, Mobile, to Director, urgent Teletype dated Dec. 7, 1965, FK-2119.

“I never felt that war could be a positive good”: Undated transcript, [Dec. 9, 1965], Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. in Conversation with Arnold Michaelis,” MS 2952, b7f5, AMS, pp. 6–10. A portion of the Michaelis-King interview was broadcast by WNET Channel 13 in New York on March 8, 1966, as noted in New York LHM dated March 9, 1966, FK-NR.

“There can be no gainsaying”: Ibid., p. 7.

“I don't think President Johnson is a warmonger”: Ibid., p. 19.

“I certainly can't claim to be a saint”: Ibid., p. 46.

“a very practical problem that runs the gamut of history”: Ibid., p. 21.

“I wouldn't take my own life”: Ibid., pp. 50–53.

25: INSIDE OUT

“McCone Commission Urges”: NYT, Dec. 7, 1965, pp. 1, 26.

nearly all the 114 Los Angeles elementary schools without cafeterias: Governor's Commission,
Violence in the City,
pp. 53–55.

“shockingly lower”: Ibid., p. 50.

“Go to school for
what?”:
Ibid., p. 39.

ownership of cars to reach jobs: Ibid., pp. 65–67.

“curtain-raiser”: “McCone Commission Urges”: NYT, Dec. 7, 1965, p. 1.

“an insensate rage of destruction”: Governor's Commission,
Violence in the City,
pp. 1, 4–5.

Rustin cited McCone's own investigators: Bayard Rustin, “The Watts ‘Manifesto' and the McCone Report,”
Commentary,
March 1966, pp. 29–35. See also “An Analysis of the McCone Commission Report” by the California Advisory Committee to the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights, reprinted as Exhibit 89, in Hearings of the U.S. Senate Committee on Labor and Public Welfare, “Federal Role in Urban Affairs, 89th Congress [1966], pp. 802–12.

“To find out that about 85 per cent”: Ibid., p. 31.

“Every Negro knows this”: Ibid., p. 32.

No Negro ranked above sergeant: Broome,
LAPD's Black History,
pp. 116–18.

being cajoled by Malcolm X: Branch,
Pillar,
pp. 3–20, 78–81; int. Earl Broady, March 25, 1991.

Chief Parker's countervailing charge: “Parker Hints Muslims Took Part in Rioting,” LAT, Aug. 17, 1965, p. 1; NYT, Sept. 14, 1965, p. 22.

“One person threw a rock”: Dallek,
Right Moment,
p. 142.

“on both sides of the Negro question”: Bayard Rustin, “The Watts ‘Manifesto' and the McCone Report,”
Commentary,
March 1966, p. 29.

Moynihan had become an established national oracle: Moynihan, “Behind Los Angeles: Jobless Negroes and the Boom,”
Reporter,
Sept. 9, 1965, p. 31.

“Remember that American slavery”: CBS Reports,
Watts: Riot or Revolt?,
Dec. 7, 1965, Tape T77:0395, MOB.

“I grew up in Hell's Kitchen”: NYT, Dec. 12, 1965, p. 74.

“Some people are lucky”: Transcript, guest Daniel P. Moynihan,
Meet the Press,
Dec. 12, 1965, Vol. 9, No. 44.

“an alimentary canal at one end”: Dallek,
Right Moment,
pp. 100–103.

Reagan continued to defend the Goldwater positions: “The Real Ronald Reagan Stands Up,”
Life,
Jan. 21, 1966.

“I would have voted against it”: LAT, Jan. 22, 1965; Dallek,
Right Moment,
p. 188; Dugger,
On Reagan,
pp. 197–98.

Stuart Spencer and William Roberts: Edwards,
Reagan,
pp. 83–90; Boyarsky,
Rise,
pp. 106–11.

“somewhat passé”: Governor Carl Sanders of Georgia, quoted in NYT, Sept. 13, 1965, p. 23.

“The original government”: NYT Magazine, Nov. 14, 1965, p. 175.

“the fruit of appeasement”: Dallek,
Right Moment,
p. 190.

“a political decision to achieve victory”: NYT Magazine, Nov. 14, 1965, p. 184.

“we could pave the whole country”: LAT, Oct. 21, 1965.

150 trial speeches: Edwards,
Reagan,
p. 101.

“hemophiliac liberal”: NYT Magazine, Nov. 14, 1965, p. 46.

citizen-politician: Boyarsky,
Rise,
pp. 137–38.

“utterly reprehensible”: Dallek,
Right Moment,
pp. 124–27.

“the FBI has not investigated”: Edwards,
Reagan,
p. 94.

“a bunch of kooks”: Dallek,
Right Moment,
pp. 103–11.

“Tom Sawyer Enters Politics”: Leo E. Litwak, “The Ronald Reagan Story; Or, Tom Sawyer Enters Politics,” NYT Magazine, Nov. 14, 1965, p. 46ff.

first public hints of intrigue: LAT, Dec. 19, 1965, p. 1; WP, Dec. 20, 1965, p. 1.

Henderson Novelty Company: “FBI Use of Listening Devices Prompts Charges and Inquiries,” NYT, July 3, 1966, p. 25.

“I told Katzenbach”: DeLoach to Tolson, Dec. 20, 1965, FRK-1800.

surreptitious eavesdropping allowed a shrewd defense attorney: “High Court Asked to Hear Tax Case,” NYT, May 28, 1966, p. 24; int. Ed Weisl, Jr., May 23, 1991.

Hoover already disparaged Williams: Thomas,
Man to See,
pp. 199–203, 499–501; Branch,
Pillar,
p. 181.

Washington lobbyist Fred Black: Cf. “Baker's Partner Fought U.S. Claim,” NYT, April 22, 1964, p. 32; “Associate of Baker Guilty in Tax Trial,” NYT, May 6, 1964, p. 1; “Black Gets up to Four Years for Tax Evasion,” NYT, June 20, 1964, p. 9; “Associate of Baker Loses Tax Appeal,” NYT, Nov. 11, 1965, p. 7.