At Canaan's Edge (140 page)

the Johnson family's next-door neighbor: “FBI Had Sanction in Eavesdropping,” NYT, July 14, 1966, p. 1.

believe private statements from Kennedy himself: Nicholas Katzenbach oral history by Paige E. Mulhollan, Nov. 12, 1968, p. 33ff, LBJ; Katzenbach oral history by Larry J. Hackman, Oct. 8, 1969, p. 47ff, JFJ; int. Nicholas Katzenbach, June 14, 1991.

Kennedy's FBI liaison officer, Courtney Evans: Schlesinger,
Robert Kennedy,
pp. 293–96, 678; Powers,
Secrecy,
pp. 391, 397; Branch,
Parting,
pp. 907–11; Branch,
Pillar,
p. 250.

“upon having his recollection refreshed”: DeLoach to Tolson, Dec. 24, 1965, FRK-1804.

“He did admit that Kennedy must have known”: Ibid.; Gale to DeLoach [with handwritten notes by Hoover], Dec. 30, 1965, Section 129, FHOC. DeLoach held a similar session on December 30, 1965, with senior Justice Department prosecutor William Hundley, and reported that Hundley also considered it “obvious” that certain intelligence “was obtained as a result of microphone coverage.” Gale to DeLoach, Dec. 30, 1965, Section 129, FHOC.

“‘leave us to the wolves'”: DeLoach to Tolson, Dec. 20, 1965, FRK-1800, p. 3; Shesol,
Contempt,
p. 350.

“Three days after Christmas”: “Background Information,” Dec. 28, 1965, Reel 18, SNCC.

SNCC faced $100,000 in debt: “Fund Lag Plagues Rights Movement,” NYT, Jan. 19, 1966, p. 1.

“John Robert Lewis is TIRED”: Penny Patch memo to “Jim, Nancy, Jimmy,” et al., Dec. 11, 1965, Reel 1, SNCC.

a melancholy year-end statement: “Statement on 1966 by John Lewis, Chairman,” Dec. 30, 1965, Reel 20, SNCC.

Of twenty evicted families: Lowndes County WATS report, Jan. 4, 1965, Reel 16, SNCC; “Background Information on Lowndes County Tent City,” Feb. 28, 1966, Box 1, A/RM.

“It has been raining”: Background Information,” Dec. 28, 1965, Reel 18, SNCC.

“Please make sure”: Carmichael to Muriel Tillinghast, 1:00
A.M.
, Dec. 26, 1965, JMP. “The rest of the staff feels that we should not call the police,” Carmichael added. “I agree. His system is very simple[—]he calls up these people and tells them that there is an emergency please wire him some money.” On a separate matter, Carmichael asked Tillinghast to remove fieldworker Cleophus Hobbs from the payroll because he had been drafted into the Army: “Please STOP his check immediately.”

Rabbi Harold Saperstein: Fraud warnings evidently reached Saperstein in time. He and his wife sent $50 to the Atlanta SNCC office instead of the suspected embezzler. “I would appreciate it if you would inform Stokely Carmichael of this donation,” Saperstein wrote Tillinghast from Temple Emanu-El of Lynbrook, New York, “and give him our personal greetings.” Saperstein to Tillinghast, Jan. 3, 1966, Reel 18, SNCC.

“I just can't kick it, man”: Forman,
Sammy Younge,
pp. 183–84.

attracted scattered notice: “Freedom City, Alabama,” SC, Jan. 8–9, 1966, p. 1; “Alabama Negroes Evicted from Homes for Political Views,”
Jet,
Jan. 13, 1966, p. 4.

“‘Tent City' Rising”: NYT, Jan. 1, 1966, p. 15.

“Evicted Farmers Wallow”:
Jet,
March 10, 1966, pp. 14–19.

soon contracted hepatitis: Friends of SNCC memo, “Tent Cities,” March 18, 1966, Box 1, A/RM.

Carmichael said people who registered: Carmichael,
Black Power,
p. 104.

“People in Lowndes County”: Edward M. Rudd, “New Political Group in Lowndes to Name Own Negro Candidates,” SC, Jan. 1–2, 1966, p. 2.

Historic address by the sitting Attorney General:
Mobile Register,
Jan. 2, 1966, p. 1;
Mobile Register,
Jan. 3, 1966, p. 1;
Jet,
Jan. 13, 1966, p. 4.

Walter took his chance: Diary of Francis Walter, Dec. 17, 1965, p. 77, courtesy of Francis Walter.

Mobile's white newspapers:
Jet,
Jan. 20, 1966, pp. 14–17.

“spill your guts on the floor”: WATS report, Mahoney and Zellner to Elizabeth, 3:30
P.M
., Jan. 4, 1966, Reel 16, SNCC; WP, Jan. 7, 1966, p. 2.

Witnesses said Younge: NYT, Jan. 5, 1966, p. 12; Forman,
Sammy Younge,
pp. 185–95; Carson,
Struggle,
p. 188.

“to bluff him”: NYT, Dec. 9, 1966, p. 38; NYT, Dec. 10, 1966, p. 1; “Anatomy of a Murder Trial,” SC, Dec. 24–25, 1966, p. 4.

“I just got me three bottles of wine”: Forman,
Sammy Younge,
p. 184.

two thousand students marched Tuesday: NYY, Jan. 5, 1966, p. 12; Forman,
Sammy Younge,
pp. 197–98.

“more Negroes to be able to work”: WATS report, Jan. 6, 1966, Tuskegee, Reel 16, SNCC.

a marathon debate to frame a response: Int. Gloria Larry House, June 29, 2000, and Dec. 18, 2003.

for SNCC to take a public stand: John Lewis to SNCC staff, Dec. 7, 1965, Reel 1, SNCC.

Gloria Larry's volunteer effort: Int. Gloria Larry House, Dec. 18, 2003; int. Martha Norman, Dec. 20, 2003; int. Julian Bond, Jan. 10, 2004; handwritten fragments of Jan. 6, 1966, SNCC statement, courtesy of Gloria Larry House.

“We believe the United States government”: Forman,
Making,
pp. 445–46; NYT, Jan. 7, 1966, p. 2.

“a crowded news conference”: NYT, Jan. 8, 1966, p. 22.

a thirteen-page launch blueprint: “A Proposal by the Southern Christian Leadership Conference for the Development of a Nonviolent Action Movement for the Greater Chicago Area,” A/KP5f27; Garrow,
Bearing,
pp. 457–58; Anderson and Pickering,
Confronting,
p. 188; Cohen and Taylor,
Pharaoh,
p. 356.

Negroes had come to outnumber: Margaret Long, “The Movement,”
New South,
Vol. 21, No. 1, Winter 1966, p. 98; WP, Jan. 8, 1966, p. 6.

“This economic exploitation”: “Statement by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.,” for release at 11:00
A.M
., Jan. 7, 1966, File 940, RS, CHS. The statement includes nearly all the written proposal cited above.

Five unions shut down: Graham,
Civil Rights Era,
pp. 285–86.

“Dr. King Will Occupy”: CD, Jan. 8–14, 1966, p. 1.

four memos about Tuskegee: Clifford L. Alexander, Jr., to LBJ, 4:10
P.M
., Jan. 6, 1966; Alexander to LBJ, 10:45
A.M.
, Jan. 7, 1966; Alexander to LBJ, 1:00
P.M
., Jan. 7, 1966; Alexander to LBJ, 4:22
P.M
., Jan. 7, 1966—all in EX HU2/ST1, Box 25, LBJ.

“get by Saturday without bloodshed”: NYT, Jan. 8, 1965, p. 22.

“support any action we need to take here”: LBJ handwritten note, “Cliff—4:55
P.M
.—Ask Doar to follow this & support any action we need to take here—L,” on Alexander to LBJ, 4:22
P.M
., Jan. 7, 1966, EX HU2/ST1, Box 25, LBJ.

“negate the impact of this story”: Clifford L. Alexander, Jr., to LBJ, 4:56
P.M
., Jan. 7, 1966, EX ND9-4, MLK Name File, Box 144, LBJ.

“Yes, I do”: Neary,
Julian Bond,
p. 93.

sudden glare of headlines: Ibid., p. 108; Williams,
Bonds,
p. 223; “Defiance of Draft Call Urged by SNCC Leader,” AC, Jan. 7, 1966, p. 1; “Rep.-Elect Bond Facing an Ouster Fight After Urging Draft Dodging,” AC, Jan. 8, 1966, p. 1.

“Georgians Score a Vietnam Critic”: NYT, Jan. 8, 1966, p. 3.

“We are in a dangerous period”: Garrow,
Bearing,
p. 458; NYT, Jan. 9, 1966, p. 4.

“It is ironic that some”: Transcript of press conference, Jan. 8, 1966, “Julius Griffin reads Dr. King's Statement, John Lewis reads ‘Statement on Georgia Attack on SNCC,' and ‘Statement of SNCC supporting Julian Bond,'” Reel 20, SNCC, pp. 0959–0963.

withdrew into disbelieving seclusion: Int. Julian Bond, Jan. 10, 2004.

“exactly suits the Kremlin”: Neary,
Julian Bond,
p. 108.

“This boy has got to come”: Williams,
Bonds,
p. 224.

“I've been hearing”: Frady,
Southerners,
pp. 174–75; “Report from James Forman,” Jan. 10, 1966, Reel 20, SNCC.

gubernatorial candidate Ronald Reagan: Edwards,
Reagan,
pp. 101–2; Boyarsky,
Rise,
pp. 139–40; WP, Jan. 5, 1966, p. 1; transcript, guest Ronald Reagan,
Meet the Press,
Jan. 9, 1966, Vol. 10, No. 2.

beseech the counsel of Ralph Abernathy: Neary,
Julian Bond,
p. 107.

“I will ask Representative Bond”: Ibid., p. 109; Morgan,
One Man,
pp. 150–61.

chronic hives had been a sign: Williams,
Bonds,
pp. 206, 214.

“Mother'd ask me to go down”: Frady,
Southerners,
p. 171.

first black president of Lincoln University: Williams,
Bonds,
pp. 83–87, 144ff.

“My God, I didn't raise”: Frady,
Southerners,
p. 171.

legislators played a telephone interview: Neary,
Julian Bond,
pp. 93–97, 118–19.

“demonstrate to yourselves”: Ibid., p. 121.

The House voted exclusion: NYT, Jan. 11, 1966, p. 1.

Bond fought back tears: Neary,
Julian Bond,
p. 124.

“Everyone, including Julian”: “Jan. 10, 1965 [sic—1966]—2
A.M
.—Forman/Atlanta to [Elizabeth] Sutherland/N.Y., Details on Julian Bond situation,” Reel 16, SNCC.

King cut short: Garrow,
Bearing,
p. 458.

condolence to the family of Vernon Dahmer: President Johnson took reports from his aide Clifford Alexander at 7:34 and 8:23 on Monday, within hours of the death in Hattiesburg, and approved a telegram to Mrs. Dahmer in a call the next morning with Katzenbach, PDD, LBJ.

“the highest kind of citizenship”: Branch,
Pillar,
pp. 606–7.

Four Dahmer sons converged: Ibid. A photograph of the four Dahmer sons in mourning appears in
Pillar of Fire.

Dahmer was revered: Ibid., pp. 50–63, 224, 392.

“I have simply stopped telling people”: NYT, Jan. 10, 1966, p. 11.

“I have a personal concern”: MLK statement dated Jan. 12, 1965 [sic—1966], A/KS10.

“Little Chance Seen for Bond”: Sidney E. Zion, “Little Chance Seen for Bond in Court,” NYT, Jan. 12, 1966; AC, Jan. 12, 1966, p. 1.

King led a protest march: AC, Jan. 15, 1966, p. 1; int. Julian Bond, Jan. 10, 2004.

King speak from the back of a flatbed truck: Ibid.; “Address by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. at the State Capitol,” Jan. 14, 1966, A/KS10.

“War will exist until that distant day”: Ibid.; Schlesinger,
Thousand Days,
p. 89.

Willie Ricks of SNCC exhorted: NYT, Jan. 15, 1966, p. 1; Williams,
Bonds,
p. 230.

struck a trooper with her handbag: AC, Jan. 15, 1966, p. 1; Margaret Long, “The Movement,”
New South,
Winter 1966, p. 95.

King issued a pained statement: Garrow,
Bearing,
p. 458.

The chorus jeered broadly without him: “Rights Group Widely Criticized for Attacking Vietnam Policy,” NYT, Jan. 16, 1966, p. 60; Neary,
Julian Bond,
pp. 125–27; Good,
Trouble,
pp. 253–54.

Prominent Atlanta Negroes called: AC, Jan. 8, 1966, p. 1; Septima Clark oral history by Judy Barton, Nov. 9, 1971, A/OH.

Lillian Smith scolded: AC, Jan. 14, 1966; “Miss Smith on SNCC,”
New South,
Winter 1966, pp. 64–66; Carson,
Struggle,
p. 189. The
Constitution
introduced Smith's letter with a heartfelt editorial: “On this page today one of the most distinguished women of American letters presents the most eloquent, and we believe the most accurate, analysis of the Julian Bond incident that will be written…. She has devoted much of herlife to social protest against injustice to Negroes, and the ostracism and agony she has endured as a result are a more reliable credential than the scars of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, because she has stood by her convictions a good deal longer. Her literary works, from
Strange Fruit
to
Killers of the Dream,
speak for her integrity.”