Berlin 1961 (79 page)

Moscow’s ally in the Congo:
Beschloss,
The Crisis Years
, 81.

Facing such an array: New York Times
, 03/04/1961.

Khrushchev’s adviser Oleg Troyanovsky:
“Who’s Who with Khrushchev,”
Time
, 09/21/1959; Troyanovsky,
Cherez godi
, 233–236;
New York Times
, 04/03/1955.

A new Soviet statistical:
V. M. Kudrov, “Comparing the Soviet and US Economies: History and Practices,” in Nicholas Eberstadt and Jonathan Tombes, eds.,
Comparing the US and Soviet Economies: The 1990 Airlie House Conference
. Vol. 1,
Total Output and Consumption.
Washington, DC: The American Enterprise Institute, 2000, 58–59; Alexander Chubarov,
Russia’s Bitter Path to Modernity: A History of the Soviet and Post-Soviet Eras
. New York: Continuum, 2001, 139; Hannes Adomeit,
Imperial Overstretch: Germany in Soviet Policy from Stalin to Gorbachev; An Analysis Based on New Archival Evidence, Memoirs, and Interviews
. Baden-Baden, Germany: Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft, 1998, 103.

In confessing his inadequacy:
Stenographic account, February 16, 1961, Declassified Materials from CPSU Central Committee Plenums (TsK KPSS), Meeting of the CC CPSU Presidium, Protocol No. 328 (February 16, 1961), Information from comrade Khrushchev of the meeting on agriculture in the regions of Ukraine, North Caucasus, Transcaucasus and Central Black Earth area, in Aleksandr Fursenko et al., eds.,
Archivii Kremlya: Prezidium TsK KPSS, 1954–1964 Chernoviie protokolnie zapisi zasedanii. Stenogrammi. Postanovlenia
, vol. 1 [Archives of the Kremlin: Presidium of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, 1954–1964, Notes of State Meetings, Stenographic Accounts], Moscow: Rosspen, 2004.

At one local Communist Party:
Stenographic account, March 25, 1961, TsK KPSS, Meeting of the CC CPSU Presidium, Protocol No. 321 (March 25, 1961), TsK KPSS; Fursenko and Naftali,
Khrushchev’s Cold War
, 344–345.

The Soviet public’s awareness:
Harrison E. Salisbury,
A New Russia
. New York: Harper & Row, 1962, 120–121.

Speaking calmly and wearily:
FRUS, 1969–1963, vol. XIV, Berlin Crisis, 1969–1962, Doc. 8.

The American ambassador warned:
FRUS, 1969–1963, vol. XIV, Berlin Crisis, 1969–1962, Doc. 8.

Because Berlin lacked political:
FRUS, 1969–1963, vol. XIV, Berlin Crisis, 1969–1962, Doc. 8.

To further illustrate West Berlin’s:
FRUS, 1961–1963, vol. V, Soviet Union, Doc. 44.

He said the U.S.:
FRUS, 1961–1963, vol. V, Soviet Union, Doc. 43.

Instead of embracing:
FRUS, 1969–1963, vol. XIV, Berlin Crisis, 1969–1962, Doc. 8; FRUS, vol. V, Soviet Union, Doc. 43.

Khrushchev complained:
FRUS, 1969–1963, vol. XIV, Berlin Crisis, 1969–1962, Doc. 8.

Thompson returned by plane: New York Times
, 03/10/1961.

“All my diplomatic colleagues”:
FRUS, 1961–1963, vol. V, Soviet Union, Doc. 46; vol. XIV, Berlin Crisis, 1961–1962, Doc. 11.

A week later, Thompson:
FRUS, 1969–1963, vol. XIV, Berlin Crisis, 1969–1962, Doc. 11.

With uncanny clairvoyance, Thompson:
Telegram from U.S. Embassy (Moscow) to State Department, March 16, 1961, cited in Catudal,
Kennedy and the Berlin Wall Crisis
, 62, FN 15, 240–241.

The best minds:
DNSA, Berlin Situation [Summary of Report by U.S. Intelligence Board Berlin Sub-Committee Report], Memorandum, March 7, 1961.

Acheson’s paper:
Department of State, Memo for the President, April 3, 1961, 4 pp; JFKL,
Dean G. Acheson OH
, no. 1, April 27, 1964.

With a gaggle:
James Chace,
Acheson: The Secretary of State Who Created the American World
. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1998, 382.

Acheson then helped dissuade:
Douglas Brinkley,
Dean Acheson: The Cold War Years, 1953–1971
. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1994, 113.

Even at almost age sixty-eight:
Robert L. Beisner,
Dean Acheson: A Life in the Cold War.
New York: Oxford University Press, 2006, 7, 89–95.

Shortly after Kennedy’s election:
Acheson letters, 11/22/1960, from Democratic Party 1960 Campaign, Truman Correspondence (courtesy David Acheson). Also in David S. McLellan and David C. Acheson, eds.,
Among Friends: Personal Letters of Dean Acheson
. New York: Dodd, Mead, 1980, 199.

Acheson listed for Kennedy:
JFKL,
Dean G. Acheson OH
.

Acheson conceded that reducing:
Brinkley,
Dean Acheson
, 141.

The French and Germans:
Fred M. Kaplan,
The Wizards of Armageddon
. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1983 / Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1991, 283, 338; Andreas Wenger,
Living with Peril: Eisenhower, Kennedy, and Nuclear Weapons
. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 1997, 201; Brinkley,
Dean Acheson
, 130–131.

He advised Kennedy:
JFKL, POF, Memo, Bundy to the President, March 27, 1961, “Bundy, McGeorge 2/69-4/61 Folder,” Box 62, Staff Memoranda; DDRS (Declassified Document Reference System), “Bundy to Kennedy, April 4, 1961,” 1986/2903; Nigel Fisher,
Harold Macmillan: A Biography
. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1982, 257; Arthur M. Schlesinger,
A Thousand Days: John F. Kennedy in the White House
. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1965, 380–382; Victor Lasky,
JFK: The Man and the Myth
. New York: Macmillan, 1963, 6–7; Alistair Horne,
Harold Macmillan.
vol. 2,
1957–1986
. New York: Viking, 1989, 289–290.

British Prime Minister Macmillan was taken aback:
FRUS, 1969–1963, vol. XIV, Berlin Crisis, 1969–1962, Doc. 14, Memcon, The President’s Meetings with Prime Minister Macmillan, Washington, April 1961, “East–West Issues: Berlin,” April 5, 1961, 3:10 p.m.; Fisher,
Harold Macmillan
, 261.

But the two men:
Chace,
Acheson
, 174.

A keen student of history:
Anthony Sampson,
Macmillan: A Study in Ambiguity.
Harmondsworth, England: Penguin Press, 1967, 65–66.

Macmillan had worried to columnist:
JFKL,
Henry Brandon OH
; Henry Brandon,
Special Relationships: A Foreign Correspondent’s Memoirs from Roosevelt to Reagan
. New York: Atheneum, 1988, 155.

Eisenhower’s ambassador to London:
Horne,
Harold Macmillan
, 282; Harold Macmillan Archives,
Harold Macmillan, Diaries
, 17 November 1960 (scheduled publication date: 04/03/2011).

“I wonder how it is”:
Horne,
Harold Macmillan
, 290.

Perhaps the most disliked:
Lord Longford,
Kennedy
. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1976, 79–81; Corey Ford,
Donovan of OSS: The Untold Story of William J. Donovan
. Boston: Little, Brown, 1970, 89.

To further influence Kennedy’s:
Horne,
Harold Macmillan
, 282; Harold Macmillan Archives, Letter of November 9, 1960; Harold Macmillan,
Pointing the Way, 1959–1961
. London: Macmillan, 1972, 308.

De Gaulle in Paris:
Constantine A. Pagedas,
Anglo-American Strategic Relations and the French Problem, 1960–1963: A Troubled Partnership
. London: Frank Class, 2000, 124.

When they met in London:
Harold Macmillan Archives. Harold Macmillan, Diaries, February 23, 1961.

Ahead of Macmillan’s White House:
Horne,
Harold Macmillan
, 286, from interview with the economist John Kenneth Galbraith.

To the prime minister’s relief:
Horne,
Harold Macmillan
, 287–290, 295.

Macmillan had been taken by:
Macmillan,
Pointing the Way
, 352–353: diary entry for April 12, 1961.

Yet that positive beginning:
FRUS, 1969–1963, vol. XIV, Berlin Crisis, 1969–1962, Doc. 14, 15; Fisher,
Harold Macmillan
, 261.

Acheson crisply listed:
Schlesinger,
A Thousand Days
, 380.

With the return of Acheson’s:
FRUS, 1969–1963, vol. XIV, Berlin Crisis, 1969–1962, Doc. 15.

A final internal:
Rolf Steininger,
Der Mauerbau: Die Westmächte und Adenauer in der Berlinkrise 1958–1963
. Munich: Olzog, 2001, 184.

In the brisk spring: New York Times
, 04/09/1961;
Washington Post
, 04/09/1961.

British officials surprised:
Steininger,
Der Mauerbau
, 182–185, 183;
New York Times
, 04/09/1961;
Washington Post
, 04/10/1961; JFKL, POF, CO: United Kingdom Security, 3/27/69-4/61, Box 127a, Item 7a.

8.
AMATEUR HOUR

“The European view”:
Dean G. Acheson,
Remarks at Foreign Service lunch
, Washington, D.C. (transcribed June 29, 1961), S 3, B 51, F62, DGA-Yale. The speech was delivered sometime between June 13 and 25, 1961; retrieved from Brinkley,
Dean Acheson
, 127.

“I don’t understand Kennedy”:
Sergei N. Khrushchev,
Nikita S. Khrushchev: Krizisy i Rakety
, vol. 1, 102–106.

It was Washington’s first:
JFKL,
Dean G. Acheson OH
, no. 1; Douglas Brinkley,
Dean Acheson: The Cold War Years, 1953–1971
. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1994, 127.

Truman’s former secretary:
Chace,
Acheson
, 386–388; Brinkley,
Dean Acheson
, 127.

Acheson said he would not:
Richard J. Walton,
Cold War and Counterrevolution: The Foreign Policy of John F. Kennedy
. New York: Viking, 1972, 44.

The two men talked:
JFKL,
Dean G. Acheson OH
; Walton,
Cold War and Counterrevolution
, 44.

The eighty-five-year-old:
Catudal,
Kennedy and the Berlin Wall Crisis
, 57.

Acheson spent much of the day:
JFKL,
Dean G. Acheson OH
;
New York Times
, 04/10/1961; Catudal,
Kennedy and the Berlin Wall Crisis
, 58–60.

Beyond that, Adenauer:
Brinkley,
Dean Acheson
, 130–131.

So Acheson instead focused:
Brinkley,
Dean Acheson
, 129.

For the moment, Kennedy:
Catudal,
Kennedy and the Berlin Wall Crisis
, 97; Brinkley,
Dean Acheson
, 129; James Chace,
Acheson: The Secretary of State Who Created the American World
. New York: Simon & Schuster, 199, 383–384.

Instead, Kennedy would put:
http://www.jfklibrary.org/Historical+Resources/Archives/Reference+Desk/New+York+Times+Chronology/1961/May 10; David E. Murphy, Sergei A. Kondrashev, and George Bailey,
Battleground Berlin: CIA vs. KGB in the Cold War
. London and New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1997, 359.

In short, Kennedy’s evolving:
Murphy, Kondrashev, and Bailey,
Battleground Berlin
, 360.

When Acheson was near victory:
Brinkley,
Dean Acheson
, 130; Chace,
Acheson
, 388.

On the day of Adenauer’s flight:
Norman Cousins,
The Improbable Triumvirate: John F. Kennedy, Pope John, Nikita Khrushchev.
New York: W. W. Norton, 1972, 83–87.

Khrushchev would later explain:
Beschloss,
The Crisis Years
, 111; Taubman,
Khrushchev: The Man and His Era
, 5.

It was a measure:
Taubman,
Khrushchev: The Man and His Era
, 490; Beschloss,
The Crisis Years
, 110–111.

With the schedule for the space launch:
Ronald Steel,
Walter Lippmann and the American Century.
Boston and Torento: Little, Brown, 526–527.

Khrushchev had accelerated:
Gerhard Kowalski,
Die Gargarin-Story: Die Wahrheit über den Flug des ersten Kosmonauten der Welt
. Berlin: Schwarzkopf & Schwarzkopf, 1999, 55; Beschloss,
Crisis Years
, 113.