Black Gotham: A Family History of African Americans in Nineteenth-Century New York City (59 page)

5
. Lepore, “The Tightening Vise,” 79; Blackmar,
Manhattan for Rent
, 156.

6
. Moses,
Alexander Crummell
, 11, 12.

7
. Boylan,
Origins of Women’s Activism
, 35; Van Doren,
Correspondence
, 97; Nell,
Colored Patriots
, 316.

8
. Hoff, “Frans Abramse Van Salee and His Descendants,” 65–67.

9
. Lyons, “Memories of Yesterdays,” 1–2.

10
. White,
Stories of Freedom
, 79, ch. 3.

11
. Depons,
Travels in South America
, 1:168–82, 346–65, 2:275–85.

12
. Gross,
What Blood Won’t Tell
, 17–20, quoted in Pratt,
Imperial Eyes
, 32.

13
. Lyons, “Memories of Yesterdays,” 39, 72; Townsend,
Faith in Their Own Color
, 14–16.

14
. Trinity Vestry Minutes, II: April 13, 1795; November 17, 1817; June 25, 1818.

15
. Patterson,
The First Four Hundred
, 112; Scoville,
The Old Merchants
, 1:14.

16
. Irving,
Salmagundi
2: nos. 17, 20.

17
. Dunkak, “The Lorillard Family of Westchester County,” 51–57.

18
. Farrow et al.,
Complicity
, 13–23; Patterson,
The First Four Hundred
, 44; Matson,
Merchants and Empire
, 202–3, 184; Bagnall,
Sketches of Manufacturing Establishments
, 89.

19
. Gately,
Tobacco
, 136–40; Matson,
Merchants and Empire
, 262; Bishop,
History of American Manufactures
, 1:85.

20
. Scoville,
The Old Merchants
, 1:252, 259.

21
. Blackmar,
Manhattan for Rent
, 44, 30.

22
. Smith, ex dem, v. G. & P. Lorillard; Cantwell and Wall,
Unearthing Gotham
, 278–79.

23
. Quoted in Wilson,
New York City’s African Slaveowners
, 48.

24
. Lepore,
New York Burning
, 227; Alexander,
African or American?
4–5; Cant-well and Wall,
Unearthing Gotham
, 277–90.

25
. Lepore,
New York Burning
, 227; Moss,
The American Metropolis
, 2:361.

26
. Burrows and Wallace,
Gotham
, 386–87.

27
. Patterson,
The First Four Hundred
, 119; Hone,
Diary
, 657; Strong,
Diary
, 4:153.

28
. Ford,
Slums and Housing
, 1:59; Duffy,
History of Public Health
, 180–91, 177.

29
. Ford,
Slums and Housing
, 1:62.

30
. Quoted in Koeppel,
Water for Gotham
, 11, 52.

31
. Koeppel,
Water for Gotham
, 117; quoted in Ford,
Slums and Housing
, 1:87.

32
. Condran, “Changing Patterns of Epidemic Disease,” 30–31.

33
. Ford,
Slums and Housing
, 1:61–62.

34
. Duffy,
History of Public Health
, 238, 124; Ford,
Slums and Housing
, 1:65–68.

35
. Duffy,
History of Public Health
, 171, 168.

36
.
Minutes of the Common Council
, 2:123, 15:510, 12:271, 11:301, 16:117.

37
. Ford,
Slums and Housing
, 1:86.

38
. Duffy,
History of Public Health
, 182–83.

39
. Burrows and Wallace,
Gotham
, 371–74, 37–89, 554; Hodges,
Root and Branch
, 194.

40
. Bagnall,
Sketches of Manufacturing Establishments
, 87–95; Scoville,
The Old Merchants
, 1:265.

41
. Blackmar,
Manhattan for Rent
, 84; Thorburn,
Fifty Years’ Reminiscences
, 106.

42
. Francis,
Old New York
, 150.

43
.
Brooklyn Daily Eagle
, January 30, 1882.

44
. Berrian,
Recollections of Departed Friends
, 78;
Colored American
, September 29, 1838.

1
. Dickens,
American Number
, 36.

Material in chapters 2, 4, 5, and 6 appeared in an earlier essay, “Black Life in Freedom: Creating an Elite Culture,” in
Slavery in New York
, edited by Ira Berlin and Leslie M. Harris (New York: Free Press, 2005).

2
. Lyons, “Memories of Yesterdays,” 2.

3
. Zuille,
Historical Sketch
, 5, 23, 26.

4
. J. M. Smith, “Freedom and Slavery for Afric-Africans,” 270.

5
.
Freedom’s Journal
, November 27, 1827.

6
. Harris,
In the Shadow of Slavery
, 56–62, 70, 65–66; Andrews,
History of the African Free Schools
, 18–24.

7
. Teasman, “An Address Delivered in the African Episcopal Church,” 7.

8
. Williams, “An Oration on the Abolition of the Slave Trade,” 347–49.

9
. Williams, “An Oration on the Abolition of the Slave Trade,” 352.

10
. Hamilton, “An Oration Delivered in the African Zion Church,” 100.

11
. Harris,
In the Shadow of Slavery
, 103, 122–27.

12
. J. M. Smith, “Sketch of the Life and Labors of Henry Highland Garnet,” 24, 25.

13
. Hamilton, “An Oration Delivered in the African Zion Church,” 101, 102.

14
. Andrews,
History of the African Free Schools
, 57, 25.

15
.
Freedom’s Journal
, December 21, 1827; Alexander,
African or American?
65–68.

16
. Andrews,
History of the African Free Schools
, 45; Harris,
In the Shadow of Slavery
, 65; Andrews, 70–71.

17
.
Freedom’s Journal
, December 21, 1827.

18
. J. M. Smith, “Sketch of the Life and Labors of Henry Highland Garnet,” 21–22; Crummell, “Eulogy on Sidney,”
Black Abolitionist Papers
, reel 3:0478.

19
. Finkelstein,
Governing the Young
, 207;
Frederick Douglass’ Paper
, March 18, 1852.

20
. Harris,
In the Shadow of Slavery
, 142–43.

21
.
New York Freeman
, March 2, 1885.

22
.
New York Freeman
, January 31, 1885.

23
.
Manual of the Lancastrian System of Teaching
, 5–8; African Free School Papers, vol. 2.

24
. Andrews,
History of the African Free Schools
, 139–43.

25
. Andrews,
History of the African Free Schools
, 52.

26
. J. M. Smith, “Sketch of the Life and Labors of Henry Highland Garnet,” 22; African Free School Papers, vol. 2.

27
. J. M. Smith, “Sketch of the Life and Labors of Henry Highland Garnet,” 22;
Freedom’s Journal
, October 3, 1828.

28
. Andrews,
History of the African Free Schools
, 103; Freeman,
Father’s Legacy to His Children
, 3–12.

29
. McHenry,
Forgotten Readers
, 97.

30
. J. M. Smith, “Sketch of the Life and Labors of Henry Highland Garnet,” 22; Andrews,
History of the African Free Schools
, 22, 87–88, 91, 98–101.

31
. Andrews,
History of the African Free Schools
, 59;
Freedom’s Journal
, May 23, 1828; “Questions and Answers on the Island of Hayti,” African Free School Papers, vol. 3.

32
. Lloyd,
Travels at Home
, 1:9.

33
. Leonard,
Literary and Scientific Class Book
, 113, 236.

34
.
Freedom’s Journal
, January 11, 1828.

35
. Andrews,
History of the African Free Schools
, 109–10; J. M. Smith, “Sketch of the Life and Labors of Henry Highland Garnet,” 22.

36
. Andrews,
History of the African Free Schools
, 60–68, 35; Thurston, “Ethiopia Unshackled,” 218.

37
. Andrews,
History of the African Free Schools
, 122; J. M. Smith, “Sketch of the Life and Labors of Henry Highland Garnet,” 22.

38
. Quoted in Barnett,
Education for African Americans in New York State
, 21.

39
. J. M. Smith, “Sketch of the Life and Labors of Henry Highland Garnet,” 23–24.

1
. Hone,
Diary
, 185–86, 188, 191; Burrows and Wallace,
Gotham
, 601.

2
. Hone,
Diary
, 66.

3
. Burrows and Wallace,
Gotham
, 456–58, 475.

4
. Ford,
Slums and Housing
, 1:93.

5
. Condran, “Changing Patterns of Epidemic Disease,” 30; Rosenberg,
Cholera Years
, 66–67; Hone,
Diary
, 71; Condran, “Changing Patterns of Epidemic Disease,” 31.

6
. Rosenberg,
Cholera Years
, 59–61; Blackmar, “Accountability for Public Health,” 51–53.

7
. J. M. Smith, “Sketch of the Life and Labors of Henry Highland Garnet,” 27.

8
. Crummell, “Eulogium on Henry Highland Garnet, D.D.,” 275–76; J. M. Smith, “Sketch of the Life and Labors of Henry Highland Garnet,” 25–26.

9
. Hone,
Diary
, 134.

10
. Harris,
In the Shadow of Slavery
, 170–71, 176, 188–89, 192.

11
. Hewitt,
Protest and Progress
, 45.

12
. “Riots Target Black New Yorkers & Abolitionists,”
New York Divided: Slavery and the Civil War
, exhibition, New-York Historical Society, 2006–7; Tappan,
Life of Arthur Tappan
, 214; Anbinder,
Five Points
, 10–11.

13
. “Riots Target Black New Yorkers & Abolitionists.”

14
. Hewitt,
Protest and Progress
, 41.

15
. Townsend,
Faith in Their Own Color
, ch. 5; Williams, “To the Citizens of New-York,” 630; Moses,
Alexander Crummell
, 24.

16
. Albro Lyons obituary,
New York Age
, January 9, 1896; J. M. Smith, “Sketch of the Life and Labors of Henry Highland Garnet,” 22.

17
.
New York Freeman
, March 7, 1885.

18
. Andrews,
History of the African Free Schools
, 132; Porter, “Patrick Reason,” 517–19.

19
. Crummell, “Eulogium on Henry Highland Garnet, D.D.,” 278, 279–81;
Liberator
, July 25, 1835.

20
. J. M. Smith, “Sketch of the Life and Labors of Henry Highland Garnet,” 31–32.

21
. Crummell, “Eulogium on Henry Highland Garnet, D.D.,” 279, 287–88, 282.

22
. Lindsley,
This Planted Vine
, 124–25.

23
. Townsend,
Faith in Their Own Color
, 66–67, 61–62.