Black Gotham: A Family History of African Americans in Nineteenth-Century New York City (61 page)

58
.
Frederick Douglass’ Paper
, January 6, 1852;
National Anti-Slavery Standard
, November 21, 1850.

59
.
Colored American
, June 26, 1841.

60
. Foster,
New York in Slices
, 9, 8.

61
. Domesh,
Invented Cities
, 52–56; Burrows and Wallace,
Gotham
, 437; Lyons, “Memories of Yesterdays,” 44.

62
. Homberger,
Mrs. Astor’s New York
, 75–81.

63
. Gilfoyle,
City of Eros
, 120–23.

64
. Homberger,
Mrs. Astor’s New York
, 83–89;
New York Tribune
, December 29, 1847.

65
.
North Star
, April 27, 1849.

1
. Quoted in Frederickson,
The Black Image in the White Mind
, 78, 86, 83; quoted in S. M. Smith,
American Archives
, 33.

2
. Van Evrie,
Negroes and Negro Slavery
, 2, 22.

3
.
Frederick Douglass’ Paper
, May 11, 1855.

4
. Bobo,
Glimpses of New York
, 126.

5
. Lhamon,
Raising Cain
, 35–42, 186–88, 154–64, 29–31, 157–59, 47–49.

6
. Lyons, “Memories of Yesterdays,” 6;
Liberator
, October 12, 1855; Morgan, “The Education and Medical Practice of Dr. James McCune Smith,” 609.

7
.
Colored American
, September 23, 1837; Alexander,
African or American?
125–30.

8
.
Frederick Douglass’ Paper
, March 16, 1855, April 20, 1855.

9
.
Frederick Douglass’ Paper
, July 22, 1853; Lyons, “Memories of Yesterdays,” 43.

10
.
Frederick Douglass’ Paper
, April 8, 1853;
Liberator
, April 8, 1853.

11
. Lyons, “Memories of Yesterdays,” 77.

12
. Alexander,
African or American?
89–92; Harris,
In the Shadow of Slavery
, 210–14.

13
.
National Anti-Slavery Standard
, October 10, 1850.

14
.
North Star
, May 16, 1850;
Liberator
, May 31, 1850.

15
. Harris,
In the Shadow of Slavery
, 220–24.

16
. Harris,
In the Shadow of Slavery
, 276; Stauffer,
Black Hearts of Men
, 134–46.

17
. Letter, James McCune Smith to Gerrit Smith, February 6, 1850,
Black Abolitionist Papers
, reel 6: 0380.

18
. Barkan,
Portrait of a Party
, 464–65; Williams,
Horace Greeley
, 29–32.

19
. Garnet, “An Address to the Slaves of the United States,” 231; Garnet,
Impartial Citizen
, December 5, 1849,
Black Abolitionist Papers
, reel 6:0235.

20
. Stauffer,
Black Hearts of Men
, 20–25.

21
.
Frederick Douglass’ Paper
, July 15, 1853.

22
. Moses,
Alexander Crummell
, 81.

23
. Schor,
Henry Highland Garnet
, 161; Pasternak,
Rise Now and Fly to Arms
, 89–90, 100–103.

24
. Pasternak,
Rise Now and Fly to Arms
, 100; Schor,
Henry Highland Garnet
, 158.

25
. Pasternak,
Rise Now and Fly to Arms
, 90; Moses,
Alexander Crummell
, 94–97, 131, 176, 108–9, 116–17, 138, 188–89.

26
. Barkan,
Portrait of a Party
, chs. 2–6;
Frederick Douglass’ Paper
, August 6, 1852.

27
.
Frederick Douglass’ Paper
, May 27, 1852, May 18, 1855.

28
.
National Anti-Slavery Standard
, May 22, 1851;
North Star
, May 19, 1848.

29
.
New York Tribune
, February 21, 1850;
North Star
, April 17, 1851.

30
. Freeman,
Free Negro in New York City
, 245, 257; “Communication,” 223–24.

31
.
Weekly Anglo-African
, October 22, 1859.

32
.
Brooklyn Daily Eagle
, November 28, 1886.

33
.
Frederick Douglass’ Paper
, April 29, 1852, March 24, 1854.

34
. Harper, “Colored People in America,” 53.

35
. “Report: Committee on St. Philip’s,” 75.

36
. Lawrence, “The Episcopate of Bishop Benjamin Tredwell Onderdonk,” 18–21.

37
. Strong,
Diary
, 1:250.

38
. St. Philip’s Vestry Minutes, January 14, 1845; Townsend,
Faith in Their Own Color
, 120–21.

39
. Lindsley,
This Planted Vine
, 133; Strong,
Diary
, 1:253.

40
. St. Philip’s Vestry Minutes, May 13, 1845.

41
. “Report: Committee on St. Philip’s,” 73.

42
. Townsend,
Faith in Their Own Color
, 184–87, 191–92.

43
. St. Philip’s Vestry Minutes, October 11, 1853; Strong,
Diary
, 2:131.

44
. Letter, James McCune Smith to John Jay, September 18, 1853,
Black Abolitionist Papers
, reel 8:0442;
Frederick Douglass’ Paper
, October 7, 1853.

45
.
Frederick Douglass’ Paper
, May 4, 1854.

46
. St. Philip’s Vestry Minutes, June 10, 1856.

47
. Rev. William Morris Ecclesiastical Trial files.

48
. St. Philip’s Vestry Minutes, February 8, 1859, June 14, 1859.

49
.
Frederick Douglass’ Paper
, March 18, 1852.

50
.
Frederick Douglass’ Paper
, January 8, 1852, March 25, 1852.

51
.
Frederick Douglass’ Paper
, March 16, 1855, April 20, 1855.

52
. Irving,
Diedrich Knickerbocker’s History of New-York
, 52–54, 59, 68.

53
.
Frederick Douglass’ Paper
, March 25, 1852.

54
.
Frederick Douglass’ Paper
, August 6, 1852, March 18, 1852.

55
.
Frederick Douglass’ Paper
, January 12, 1855.

1
. Strong,
Diary
, 3:335; Bernstein,
New York City Draft Riots
, 18–19;
Bloody Week
, 2.

An earlier version of this chapter appeared as an essay, “Reading Contested Spaces in Antebellum New York: Black Community, City Neighborhoods and the Draft Riots of 1863,” in
“We Shall Independent Be”: African American Place-Making and the Struggle to Claim Space in the United States
, edited by Leslie M. Alexander and Angel David Nieves.

2
. Burrows and Wallace,
Gotham
, 881–84, 870–71.

3
. Bernstein,
New York City Draft Riots
, 20–26; Strong,
Diary
, 3:340, 337.

4
. McCague,
Second Rebellion
, 94–95.

5
. Scherzer,
Unbounded Community
, 51, 95.

6
. Freud,
Civilization and Its Discontents
, 65–69.

7
.
Report of the Committee of Merchants
, 15–18; Bernstein,
New York City Draft Riots
, 28–29; Cook,
Armies of the Street
, 141–42.

8
. Burrows and Wallace,
Gotham
, 865, 874–77, 866.

9
. Williams,
Horace Greeley
, 210–19.

10
.
Weekly Anglo-African
, May 5, 1860.

11
. Dodson et al.,
Black New Yorkers
, 83.

12
. Moses,
Alexander Crummell
, 135–44.

13
.
Weekly Anglo-African
, March 17, 1860.

14
.
Liberator
, January 16, 1863;
National Anti-Slavery Standard
, January 10, 1863.

15
. Harris,
In the Shadow of Slavery
, 167–68.

16
.
New York Times
, June 15, 1878;
National Anti-Slavery Standard
, October 5, 1855;
Weekly-Anglo African
, March 24, 1860.

17
.
New York Tribune
, July 14, 1863.

18
. Smith, “Sketch of the Life and Labors of Henry Highland Garnet,” 58–59.

19
.
National Anti-Slavery Standard
, July 27, 1851.

20
. Foner, “William P. Powell,” 103.

21
.
Liberator
, July 24, 1863.

22
. Alexander,
African or American?
ch. 7.

23
.
New York Herald
, July 25, 1863.

24
. Lyons, “Memories of Yesterdays,” 46: Ray,
Sketch of the Life of the Rev. Charles B. Ray
, 45–46.

25
. Lyons, “Memories of Yesterdays,” 9.

26
. Manhattan Tax Assessment Records, Fourth Ward, 1860–1876, reel 19.

27
. Letter from Sargeant John W. Rode to Albro Lyons, July 17, 1863, Williamson Papers, reel 1.

28
. Philip White obituary,
New York Times
, February 18, 1891.

29
. Philip White advertisements,
Weekly Anglo-African
, December 21, 1861.

30
. Philip White advertisement,
Weekly Anglo-African
, July 29, 1865.

31
.
New York Tribune
, July 23, 1863; St. Philip’s Vestry Minutes, May 16, June 14, 1859.

32
. St. Philip’s Vestry Minutes, August 4, 1863.

33
. St. Philip’s Vestry Minutes, November 5, 1863, January 9 and June 20, 1866, July 18, 1871; De Costa,
Three Score and Ten
, 39–40.

34
. Stoddard,
Volcano Under the City
, 120–22.

35
. Ray,
Sketch of the Life of the Rev. Charles B. Ray
, 48–49.

36
.
New York Tribune
, July 18, 1863.

37
.
National Anti-Slavery Standard
, July 25, 1863;
Report of the Committee of Merchants
, 7; Lyons, “Memories of Yesterdays,” 10.

38
.
Weekly Anglo-African
, August 8 and 15, July 25, September 5, 1863.

39
. Burrows and Wallace,
Gotham
, 897.

40
.
National Anti-Slavery Standard
, July 25, 1863;
New York Tribune
, July 20, 1863.

41
.
New York Tribune
, July 25, 1863.

42
. Draft Riots Claims, “List of Draft Riot Damage Claims Considered Fraudulent,” Box 2; Rejected Claims, Box 3.

43
.
Report of the Committee of Merchants
, 4, 35–36, 9, 3.

44
. “Schedule of Property Destroyed or Stolen by a Riotous Mob,” July 12, 1864.

45
.
Report of the Committee of Merchants
, 37.