Bloody Dawn (24 page)

But long after the raid, when Lawrence was transformed into a city of paved streets lined with gas lamps, a hive of trade and learning in the state, a garden spot of spreading Dutch elm and sweet-smelling lilac, even then, the invisible marks lingered. The afflictions of the mind, the mysterious ailments that the Reverend Cordley hardly understood and the likes of which words had not yet come to describe; the psychosis, the paranoia, the recurring visions of a peaceful morning shattered by fire and death; the nightmares on sultry summer nights when the moon waxed and waned and the air was as still as a hush—these marks remained and continued to linger until the last aged survivor was laid to rest.

And as for Quantrill's “steps,” unwittingly, unavoidably, the kindly, white-haired minister, his fellow townsmen, and others along the border enshrined these for generations to come. They exist today and they exist in many places; in a forgotten, shady grove of western Missouri; on a treeless, sunbaked Kansas plain; by the quiet banks of a meandering river; wherever his enemies were unsuspecting, rash, or bold, there the path of Quantrill winds. But always in the end the paths join and lead to the same spot, to the grassy hill overlooking the beautiful valley, to the graveyard where the victims of the Lawrence Massacre were laid, down to the bone-white and wind-smoothed headstones, down to Quantrill's footsteps.

KHC     Kansas Historical Collections
, 1887–1933

KHQ     Kansas Historical Quarterly
, 1933–78

LKSHS     Library of the Kansas State Historical Society, Topeka

MHR     Missouri Historical Review

OR     War of the Rebellion: Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies
. 128 vols. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1880–1901.

WHQ     Westport
(Missouri)
Historical Quarterly

1. Old Scores

1.
OR
, 22, 1:587–88; William Elsey Connelley,
Quantrill and the Border Wars
, 2d ed. (1909; reprint, New York: Pageant, 1956), 313–15.

2.
George W. Martin, “The First Two Years of Kansas,”
KHC
10 (1907–8): 138.

3.
Ibid.

4.
Lawrence Herald of Freedom
, Mar. 10, 1855.

5.
Sara T. D. Robinson,
Kansas: Its Interior and Exterior Life
(Boston: Crosby, Nichols and Co., 1857), 221.

6.
Lawrence Herald of Freedom
, Jan. 12, 1856.

7.
Leavenworth Daily Times
, Jan. 30, 1861.

8.
Joseph G. Gambone, “Economic Relief in Territorial Kansas, 1860–1861,”
KHQ
36 (Summer 1970): 149–50.

9.
Hildegarde Rose Herklotz, “Jayhawkers in Missouri, 1858–1863,”
MHR
18 (Oct. 1923): 71–72, 74;
Atchison Freedom's Champion
, Jan. 25, 1862; Stephen Z. Starr,
Jennison's Jayhawkers
(Baton Rouge: Louisiana State Univ. Press, 1973), 94–113.

10.
W. A. Mitchell, “Historic Linn,”
KHC
16 (1926): 654; Michael Fellman,
Inside War: The Guerrilla Conflict in Missouri During the American Civil War
(New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1989), 188.

11.
Lew Larkin,
Bingham: Fighting Artist
(St. Louis: State, 1955), 144.

12.
Albert Castel,
A Frontier State at War: Kansas, 1861–1865
(Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell Univ. Press, 1958), 45;
Lawrence Kansas State Journal
, Jan. 30, 1862 (hereafter cited as
Lawrence Journal
); Edgar Langsdorf, ed., “The Letters of Joseph H. Trego, 1857–1864,”
KHQ
19 (Aug. 1951): 299.

13.
Atchison Freedom's Champion
, Jan. 25, 1862.

14.
Ibid., Oct. 12, 1861.

15.
A. T. Andreas,
History of the State of Kansas
(Chicago: A. T. Andreas, 1883), 2:669;
OR
, 3:468–69.

16.
Lawrence Republican
, Jan. 23, 1862.

17.
Darrell Garwood,
Crossroads of America: The Story of Kansas City
(New York: W. W. Norton, 1948), 51—55; William Elsey Connelley,
History of Kansas, State and People
(Chicago: American Historical Society, 1928), 2:632–34; William Elsey Connelley,
The Life of Preston B. Plumb, 1837–1891
(Chicago: Brown and Howell, 1913), 146–49.

18.
Kansas City
(Mo.)
Daily Western Journal of Commerce
, Aug. 15, 1863 (hereafter cited as
Kansas City Daily Journal
).

2. The Dead Men

1.
Kansas City Daily Journal
, July 17, 1863.

2.
Oskaloosa Independent
, Aug. 15, 1863.

3.
OR
, 22, 1:580, 589.

4.
Council Grove Press
, June 22, 1861.

5.
Leavenworth Daily Times
, May 31, 1862;
Kansas City Daily Journal
, July 11, 1862;
Emporia News
, May 17, 1862; William Elsey Connelley Papers, box 13, LKSHS, interview with B. F. Munkers, July 7, 1910.

6.
Kansas City Daily Journal
, Aug. 2, 7, 1863; Connelley,
Kansas
, 2:636–37; Garwood,
Crossroads
, 54.

7.
Lela Barnes, ed., “An Editor Looks at Early-Day Kansas: The Letters of Charles Monroe Chase,”
KHQ
26 (Summer 1960): 118, 124–25; George Walton,
Sentinel of the Plains: Port Leavenworth
(Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1973), 129.

8.
Kansas City Daily Journal
, Mar. 31, 1863;
Lawrence Journal
, Apr. 2, 1863.

9.
Kansas City Daily Journal
, June 19, July 9, 1863;
Oskaloosa Independent
, June 27, 1863; W. S. Burke,
Military History of Kansas Regiments
(Leavenworth: W. S. Burke, 1870), 276–77.

10.
Cole Younger,
The Story of Cole Younger, by Himself
(1903; reprint, Provo, Utah: Triton, 1988), 7–8; A. Birdsall,
History of Jackson County, Missouri
, 2d ed. (1881; reprint, Kansas City, Mo.: Ramfre, 1966), 272; Larkin,
Bingham
, 143; Richard S. Brownlee,
Gray Ghosts of the Confederacy
(Baton Rouge: Louisiana State Univ. Press, 1958), 61.

11.
Kansas City Daily Journal
, Aug. 15, 1863.

12.
Ethylene Ballard Thruston, “Captain Dick Yeager—Quantrill Man,”
WHQ
4, no. 1 (June 1968): 3; Albert N. Doerschuk, “Extracts from War-Time Letters, 1861–1864,”
MHR
23 (Oct. 1928): 100.

13.
Ed Blair,
History of Johnson County, Kansas
(Lawrence: Standard, 1915), 140–44; David Hubbard, “Reminiscences of the Yeager Raid,”
KHC
8 (1903–4): 168–71.

14.
Thruston, “Yeager,” 3.

15.
Connelley,
Quantrill
, 315, 323; Quantrill Scrapbook, LKSHS, 2:130–31.

16.
OR
, 22, 1:585, 589.

17.
Oskaloosa Independent
, Aug. 15, 1863; Quantrill Scrapbook, LKSHS, 2:130–31.

18.
“Statement of J. A. Pike,”
KHC
14 (1915–18): 313–14;
OR
, 22, 1:589.

3. The “Live” Man

1.
OR
, 22, 1:585–86.

2.
Ibid., 589–90.

3.
Ibid., 825.

4.
Lawrence Journal
, May 1, 1862;
Olathe Mirror
, Mar. 20, 1862.

5.
Dictionary of American Biography
(hereafter
DAB
), s.v. “Ewing, Thomas.”

6.
Thomas Ewing, Jr., Private Papers, 1856–1908, LKSHS.

7.
Don W. Wilson,
Governor Charles Robinson of Kansas
(Lawrence: Univ. Press of Kansas, 1975), 73; Larkin,
Bingham
, 207–8.

8.
DAB
, s.v. “Ewing, Thomas”; Elvid Hunt,
History of Fort Leavenworth, 1827–1927
(Fort Leavenworth, Kans.: The General Service Schools Press, 1926), 120.

9.
Kansas City Daily Journal
, June 17, 1863;
Kansas City Weekly Western Journal of Commerce
, June 20, 1863 (hereafter cited as
Kansas City Weekly Journal
).

10.
Oskaloosa Independent
, June 27, 1863.

11.
Kansas City Daily Journal
, June 30, 1863.

12.
Ann Davis Niepman, “General Orders No. 11 and Border Warfare,”
MHR
66, no. 2 (Jan. 1972):

13.
OR
, 22, 1:581, 584.

14.
Ibid., 579.

15.
Allan Nevins,
Ordeal of the Union
(New York: Scribner's, 1971), 7:170.

16.
OR
, 22, 2:428–29.

17.
James L. McDonough, “And All for Nothing—Early Experiences of John M. Schofield,”
MHR
64, no. 3 (Apr. 1970): 306–7.

18.
John M. Schofield,
Forty-six Years in the Army
(New York: Century, 1897), 69.

19.
James L. McDonough,
Schofield: Union General in the Civil War and Reconstruction
(Tallahassee: Florida State Univ. Press, 1972), 44; Schofield,
Forty-six Years
, 70–71.

20.
Schofield,
Forty-six Years
, 78; McDonough,
Schofield
, 54.

21.
OR
, 22, 1:579, 584.

22.
Oskaloosa Independent
, Aug. 15, 1863.

23.
Kansas City Daily Journal
, June 25, 1863.

24.
Kansas City Weekly Journal
, July 4, 1863;
Oskaloosa Independent
, July 4, 1863.

25.
Kansas City Daily Journal
, Aug. 2, 5, 1863.

26.
OR
, 22, 1:580, 585–87, 589–90.

27.
Ibid., 580–81.

4. The Darkest Hour

1.
OR
, 22, 1:583.

2.
Ibid., 580–82; Connelley,
Kansas
, 2:642.

3.
Richard Cordley,
History of Lawrence, Kansas
(Lawrence: E. F. Caldwell, 1895), 182.

4.
Lawrence Journal
, May 9, 1861.

5.
Ibid., May 16, 1861.

6.
Lawrence Republican
, May 23, 1861.

7.
Ibid., Mar. 7, June 27, 1861.

8.
Lawrence Republican
, Jan. 31, 1861;
Lawrence Journal
, Aug. 8, Dec. 5, 1861.

9.
Ibid., Apr. 17, 1862.

10.
Ibid., Apr. 3, 10, 1862; Theodore Gardner, “The First Kansas Battery,”
KHC
14 (1915–18): 259.

11.
Lawrence Journal
, Jan. 9, 1862.

12.
Nevins,
Ordeal of the Union
, 6:371;
Lawrence Republican
, Sept. 19, 1861; Cordley,
Lawrence
, 182, 184.

13.
Lawrence Journal
, June 13, 1861, Dec. 11, 1862.

14.
Lawrence Republican
, Sept. 18, 1862.

15.
Lawrence Journal
, Sept. 18, 1862.

16.
Atchison Freedom's Champion
, Oct. 25, 1862.

17.
Lawrence Republican
, Oct. 23, Nov. 6, 1862.

18.
Ibid., Oct. 23, 1862.

19.
Lawrence Journal
, Nov. 6, 1862;
Lawrence Republican
, Nov. 6, 1862.

20.
Lawrence Journal
May 7, 1863.

21.
Ibid., May 14, 1863.

22.
Ibid.

23.
Ibid., May 21, 1863.

24.
Ibid., June 25, 1863; Connelley,
Kansas
, 2:657–58.

25.
Andreas,
History of Kansas
, 2:321.

26.
Ibid.

27.
Lawrence Journal
, July 2, 1863.

28.
Ibid., June 25, 1863.

29.
Ibid., July 30, 1863.

30.
Quantrill Scrapbook, LKSHS, 1:92.

31.
Lawrence Journal
, Aug. 6, 1863.

32.
Ibid.; Andreas,
Kansas
, 1:321.

33.
Lawrence Journal
, Aug. 6, 1863.

34.
Douglas County Scrapbook, LKSHS, 4:18.

35.
Quantrill Scrapbook, LKSHS, 1:91–92;
Leavenworth Daily Times
, Sept. 6, 1863.

36.
Lawrence Journal
, Aug. 13, 1863.

37.
Andreas,
Kansas
, 1:321;
OR
, 22, 1:579.

38.
Andreas,
Kansas
, 1:321.