Cheating Justice (30 page)

9.
U.S. Constitution, National Archives,
www.archives.gov/
.

10.
“Fraud Law & Legal Definition,” USLegal.com,
http://definitions.uslegal.com/
(accessed April 5, 2011).

11.
False Statements Accountability Act of 1996 (18 USC § 1001), Legal Information Institute,
www.law.cornell.edu/uscode
(accessed April 5, 2011).

12.
“Roger Clemens Pleads Not Guilty to Six Counts of Lying to Congress,”
USA Today
, August 30, 2010.

13.
“Roger Clemens Indicted for Perjury,” ESPN.com, August 20, 2010,
http://sports.espn.go.com/
.

14.
“Tejada Sentenced to Year's Probation,” Associated Press/ESPN, March 26, 2009,
http://sports.espn.go.com/
.

15.
Criminal Resource Manual, Offices of the United States Attorneys, § 923 1996 Amendments to 18 USC 371,
www.justice.gov/
.

16.
Haas v. Henkel, 216 U.S. 462, 479 (1910).

17.
Ibid.; Criminal Resource Manual, § 923, 1996 Amendments to 18 USC 371.

18.
“Federal Conspiracy Law: A Brief Overview,” Congressional Research Service, April 30, 2010, pp. 8–9,
http://www.fas.org/
.

19.
U.S. v. Haldeman, 559 F.2d 31 (D.C. Cir. 1976),
http://openjurist.org/
.

20.
Ron Suskind,
The Price of Loyalty: George W. Bush, The White House and the Education of Paul O'Neill
(New York: Simon & Schuster, 2004), p. 74.

21.
Joseph Cirincione, Jessica T. Mathews, and George Perkovich, with Alexis Orton, “WMD in Iraq: Evidence and Implications,” Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, January 2004, p. 16,
www.carnegieendowment.org/
.

22.
Letter to President William J. Clinton, January 26, 1998,
www.newamericancentury.org/iraqclintonletter.htm
.

23.
“Rebuilding America's Defenses: Strategy, Forces and Resources for a New Century,” Project for the New American Century, September 2000, p. 5,
www.newamericancentury.org/
.

24.
Walter Pincus and Dana Milbank, “Al Qaeda-Hussein Link Is Dismissed,”
Washington Post
, June 17, 2004.

25.
The 9-11 Commission Report: The Final Report of the National Commission on Terrorist Acts Upon the United States
(Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2004), chapter 8.1,
http://govinfo.library.unt.edu/
.

26.
Richard Clarke,
Against All Enemies
(New York: Free Press, 2004), p. 32.

27.
Rebecca Leung, “Clarke's Take on Terror,” CBS.com, March 21, 2004,
www.cbsnews.com/
.

28.
Glenn Kessler, “U.S. Decision on Iraq Has Puzzling Past,”
Washington Post
, January 12, 2003.

29.
Murray Waas, “Key Intelligence Briefing Kept from Hill Panel,”
National Journal
, November 22, 2005, Leading to War website,
www.leadingtowar.com/
.

30.
Interviews with Bob Woodward,
Frontline
, PBS, October 12, 2004,
www.pbs.org/
.

31.
William Hamilton, “Bush Began to Plan War Three Months After 9/11,”
Washington Post
, April 17, 2004.

32.
“Memo from David Manning, March 14, 2002,” George Washington University, National Security Archive,
www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/
(accessed April 11, 2011).

33.
John Prados and Christopher Ames, “The Iraq War–Part II: Was There Even a Decision?” George Washington University, National Security Archive, Electronic Briefing Book No. 328,
www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/
.

34.
“The Secret Downing Street Memo,”
Sunday Times
(London), May 1, 2005.

35.
Melvin A. Goodman, “The Lies of Karl Rove,”
Truthout
, March 17, 2010,
www.truthout.org/
.

36.
Elisabeth Bumiller, “Bush Aides Set Strategy to Sell Policy on Iraq,”
New York Times
, September 7, 2002.

37.
“Scott McClellan's Confession,” from Scott McClellan,
What Happened: Inside the Bush White House and Washington's Culture of Deception
(New York: Public Affairs, 2008), excerpted in
Wall Street Journal
, May 28, 2008.

38.
Dan Collins, “Text of Bush Iraq Speech to U.N.,” CBS News, September 12, 2002,
www.cbsnews.com/
.

39.
“Bush Presses Iraq Case in Radio Address,” CNN, September 14, 2002,
http://quiz.cnn.com/
.

40.
“President Bush, Colombia President Uribe Discuss Terrorism,” White House press release, September 25, 2002,
http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/
.

41.
“Text of President Bush's Speech in Cincinnati,” Associated Press, CBS News, October 7, 2002,
www.cbsnews.com/
.

42.
George W. Bush, radio address, February 8, 2003,
http://en.wikisource.org/
.

43.
“A Transcript of George Bush's War Ultimatum Speech from the Cross Hall in the White House,”
Guardian
(UK), March 18, 2003.

44.
Vice President Cheney's Speech to the Veterans of Foreign Wars, August 26, 2002, Project for the New American Century website,
http://www.newamericancentury.org/
(accessed April 11, 2011).

45.
Meet the Press
, NBC News, September 8, 2002, Professor Vincent Ferraro website,
www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/bush/meet.htm
(accessed April 11, 2011).

46.
Rice on Iraq, War and Politics,”
PBS News Hour with Jim Lehrer
, September 25, 2002,
www.pbs.org/
.

47.
Eric Schmitt, “Rumsfeld Says U.S. Has ‘Bulletproof' Evidence of Iraq's Links to Al Qaeda,”
New York Times
, September 28, 2002.

48.
“A Policy of Evasion and Deception,” text of U.S. Secretary of State Colin Powell's speech to the UN on Iraq,
Washington Post
, February 5, 2003.

49.
Cirincione, Mathews, and Perkovich, “WMD in Iraq,” pp. 16–18.

50.
Ibid., p. 55.

51.
“IAEA Chief: No Evidence So Far of Revived Iraqi Nuclear Arms Programme,” UN News Centre, January 29, 2003,
http://www.un.org/
; Report from UN Inspectors, International Atomic Energy Agency, January 27, 2003,
www.iaea.org/
.

52.
“Levin Releases Newly Declassified Intelligence Documents on Iraq-al Qaeda Relationship,” press release, Office of Carl Levin, April 15, 2005, Federation of American Scientists website,
www.fas.org/
(accessed April 11, 2011).

53.
Philippe Sands,
Lawless World: Making and Breaking Global Rules
(New York: Penguin, 2006), pp. 272–74.

54.
Transcript of ElBaradei's UN presentation, International Atomic Energy Agency, CNN, March 7, 2003,
http://articles.cnn.com/
.

55.
Vice President Dick Cheney, interview,
Meet the Press
, NBC News, transcript, March 16, 2003,
www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/bush/cheneymeetthepress.htm
.

56.
Lewis and Smith, “Iraq: The War Card.”

57.
“Bush Sends Letter to Congress on Iraqi Action,” CNN, March 21, 2003,
http://articles.cnn.com/
.

58.
Lewis and Smith, “Iraq: The War Card.”

59.
“Senate Intelligence Committee Unveils Final Phase II Reports on Prewar Iraq Intelligence,” press release, Senate Intelligence Committee, June 5, 2008,
http://intelligence.senate.gov/
.

60.
Bush, 2003 State of the Union Address.

61.
“The Status of Nuclear Inspections in Iraq by IAEA Director General Dr. Mohamed ElBaradei,” statement to the UN Security Council, January 27, 2003, George Washington University, National Security Archive,
www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/
(accessed March 10, 2011).

62.
Joby Warrick, “U.S. Claim on Iraqi Nuclear Program Is Called into Question,”
Washington Post
, January 24, 2003.

63.
“Iraq's Continuing Programs for Weapons of Mass Destruction,” October 2002, Federation of American Scientists website,
www.fas.org/
(accessed April 11, 2011).

64.
Rebecca Leung, “The Man Who Knew: Ex-Powell Aide Says Saddam-Weapons Threat Was Overstated,”
60 Minutes
, CBS News, February 4, 2004,
www.cbsnews.com/
.

65.
Murray Waas, “Insulating Bush,”
National Journal
, March 30, 2006.

66.
“Timeline: The CIA Leak Case,” NPR, July 2, 2007,
www.npr.org/
.

67.
Jason Leopold, “State Department Memo: ‘16 Words' Were False,”
Truthout
, April 17, 2006,
www.truth-out.org/
.

68.
Barton Gellman and Dafna Linzer, “A ‘Concerted Effort' to Discredit Bush Critic,”
Washington Post
, April 9, 2006.

69.
Joseph C. Wilson, “What I Didn't Find in Africa,”
New York Times
, July 6, 2003.

70.
George Tenet,
At the Center of the Storm: The CIA During America's Time of Crisis
(New York: Harper Collins, 2008), p. 451.

71.
“Text of CIA Director George Tenet's statement,” July 16, 2003, CNN,
http://edition.cnn.com/
.

72.
“Aide Takes Blame for Uranium Claim,” BBC News, July 22, 2003,
http://news.bbc.co.uk/
.

73.
Kungys v. United States, 485 U.S. 759, 770 (1988),
http://supreme.justia.com/
; also see U.S. v. Gaudin, 515 U.S. 506, 509 (1995),
www.law.cornell.edu/
.

74.
“Obstruction of Congress: A Brief Overview of Federal Law Relating to Interference with Congressional Activities,” Congressional Research Service, December 27, 2007, p. 54, on Federation of American Scientists website,
www.fas.org/
; also see United States v. Gonzales, 435 F.3d 64, 72 (1st Cir. 2006).

75.
Government Accountability Act of 1996, HR 535, 104th Cong., 2nd Session,
Congressional Record
(September 25, 1996): H 11138–39, U.S. Government Printing Office,
http://www.gpo.gov/
.

76.
U.S. Constitution, Article II, § 3.

77.
Congressional Joint Resolution to Authorize Use of Force Against Iraq, U.S. Department of Defense, October 11, 2002,
https://kb.defense.gov/
(accessed April 11, 2011).

78.
“Presidential Letter,” March 18, 2003,
http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/
(accessed April 18, 2011).

79.
“Weapons Inspectors Leave Iraq,” Associated Press, March 18, 2003,
www.cbsnews.com/
.

80.
Cirincione, Mathews, and Perkovich, “WMD in Iraq,” p. 19.

81.
David Corn, “George W. Bush: Still Not Telling the Truth about Iraq and WMDs,”
Politics Daily
, November 8, 2010,
www.politicsdaily.com
.

82.
Richard Norton-Taylor, “Iraq War Inquiry: Blair Government ‘Massaged' Saddam Hussein WMD Threat,”
Guardian
, July 12, 2010.

83.
Richard Norton-Taylor, “Law unto Themselves,”
Guardian
, March 14, 2003.

84.
Jim VandeHei and Michael A. Fletcher, “Bush Says Election Ratified Iraq Policy,”
Washington Post
, January 26, 2011.

85.
18 USC § 371, “Conspiracy to Defraud the United States,”
www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/
(accessed April 20, 2011).

86.
Impeachment of Richard M. Nixon, President of the United States: Report of the Committee on the Judiciary, House of Representatives
(Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1974).

87.
“Watergate Timeline,” “The Watergate Story,”
Washington Post
,
www.washingtonpost.com/
; Watergate documents,
FindLaw.com
(accessed April 10, 2011).

88.
Richard Severo, “H. R. Haldeman, Nixon Aide Who Had Central Role in Watergate, Is Dead at 67,”
New York Times
, November 13, 1993.

89.
“Summary of October, 1975 Report of Watergate Special Prosecution Force,” FindLaw,
http://fl1.findlaw.com/news.findlaw.com/hdocs/docs/
watergate/watergate_spclpros_rpt. pdf
(accessed April 10, 2011).

90.
Lawrence E. Walsh, “Final Report of the Independent Counsel for Iran/Contra Matters, Volume I: Investigations and Prosecutions” (DC Cir. August 4, 1993), Part iii, pp. 55–76, Federation of American Scientists website,
www.fas.org/
(accessed April 11, 2011).

91.
Elizabeth de la Vega, “The White House Criminal Conspiracy,”
Nation
, November 14, 2005.

92.
“CREW Releases New Report—Without a Trace: The Missing White House Emails & Violations of the PRA,” press release, Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington, April 12, 2007,
www.citizensforethics.org/
(accessed April 11, 2011).

93.
Wolf Blitzer, “WMDs: Did Iraq Ever Have Them?” CNN, July 14, 2003,
http://articles.cnn.com/
.

94.
George W. Bush, interview with Charlie Gibson,
World News
, ABC, December 1, 2008,
http://abcnews.go.com/
.

95.
Bush,
Decision Points
, pp. 152–53.

96.
Walter Pincus, “Bush Memoir Makes Selective Use of Iraq Data,”
Washington Post
, November 16, 2010.

97.
Michael Kranish and Bryan Bender, “Bush Backs Cheney on Assertion Linking Hussein, Al Qaeda,”
Boston Globe
, June 16, 2004.