Cheating Justice (34 page)

26.
Federal Records Act of 1950, 44 USC § 3301, National Archives,
http://www.archives.gov/
(accessed April 11, 2011).

27.
The Untold Story of the Bush White House Emails
, report, Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington, August 30, 2010,
www.scribd.com/doc/48889149/
Untold-Story-of-the-Bush-White-House-Emails.

28.
Office of Professional Responsibility,
Investigation into the Office
, fn. 3.

29.
Anne Weismann, “The Case of the Missing John Yoo Emails Is Solved—Or Is It?” Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington, February 25, 2011,
www.citizensforethics.org/
(accessed April 11, 2011).

30.
Arar v. Ashcroft, 414 F. Supp.2d 250, 255 (E.D.N.Y. 2006).

31.
Arar v. Ashcroft, 585 F. 3d 559 (2d Cir. 2009), opinion of Judge Robert Sack, p. 14, Center for Constitutional Rights,
http://ccrjustice.org/
.

32.
Ibid., majority opinion, pp. 37–41.

33.
Ibid., Opinion of Judge Barrington D. Parker, p. 2, Center for Constitutional Rights,
http://ccrjustice.org/
.

34.
El-Masri v. Tenet, 437 F. Supp.2d 530 (E.D.Va. 2006),
www.aclu.org/files/pdfs/safefree/elmasri_order_granting_motion_dismiss_051206.pdf;
479 F.3d 296 (4th Cir. 2007),
http://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/F3/479/296/589216/
, cert. denied 552 U.S. 947 (2007).

35.
“El Masri v. Tenet,” American Civil Liberties Union,
www.aclu.org
.

36.
“Man Sues CIA over Torture Claims,” BBC, December 7, 2005,
http://news.bbc.co.uk
.

37.
Khaled El-Masri, “I Am Not a State Secret,”
Los Angeles Times
, March 3, 2007.

38.
“ACLU Sues Jeppesen Dataplan in San Jose for Participation in Seventy CIA Kidnapping and Torture Flights,” news release, American Civil Liberties Union of Northern California, May 30, 2007,
www.aclunc.org/
.

39.
“Profile: Binyam Mohamed,” BBC News, February 12, 2010,
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/7906381.stm
.

40.
“Binyam Mohamed: The Secret Torture File,”
Telegraph
, February 10, 2010.

41.
Binyam Mohamed v. Jeppesen Dataplan, Inc. (9th Cir. No. 08–15693, September 8, 2010),
www.ca9.uscourts.gov/datastore/opinions/2010/09/07/08–15693.pdf
.

42.
“Supreme Court Denies Cert Mohamed v. Jeppesen in a Blow to Torture Accountability,” Alliance for Justice, May 16, 2011,
http://afjjusticewatch.blogspot.com/
(accessed June 2, 2011).

43.
American Civil Liberties Union v. National Security Agency, Case No. 06-CV-10204 (E.D. Mich. August 17, 2006), FindLaw,
http://fl1.findlaw.com/news.findlaw.com/nytimes/docs/nsa/aclunsa81706opn.pdf
.

44.
Adam Liptak and Eric Lichtblau, “Judge Finds Wiretap Actions Violate the Law,”
New York Times
, August 18, 2006.

45.
“ACLU v. NSA: The Challenge to Illegal Spying,” American Civil Liberties Union,
www.aclu.org/national-security/aclu-v-nsa-challenge-illegal-spying
.

46.
Al-Haramain Islamic Foundation v. Bush, Electronic Frontier Foundation,
www.eff.org/cases/al-haramain
.

47.
Al-Haramain Islamic Foundation v. Obama, order, December 21, 2010, Electronic Frontier Foundation,
www.eff.org/files/filenode/att/alharamainorder122110.pdf
.

48.
Savage and Risen, “Federal Judge Finds N.S.A. Wiretaps.”

49.
Amnesty v. Clapper, Docket No. 09–4112-cv (2nd Cir. March 21, 2011), American Civil Liberties Union,
www.aclu.org/
(accessed April 18, 2011).

50.
“Court Reinstates ACLU Lawsuit Challenging Unconstitutional Spying Law,” press release, American Civil Liberties Union, March 21, 2011,
www.aclu.org/
.

51.
“National Archives Issues New Report on Nazi War Crimes,” press release, National Archives, December 10, 2010,
http://www.archives.gov/
.

52.
Reynolds v. United States, 345 U.S. 1 (1953).

53.
Steven D. Schwinn, “The State Secrets Privilege in the Post-9/11 Era,”
Pace Law Review
30, no. 2 (2010): 778, 831.

54.
“Reforming the State Secrets Privilege,” Constitution Project, May 31, 2007, ii,
www.constitutionproject.org/
(accessed April 22, 2011).

55.
U.S. Constitution, Article II, § 4, Cornell University Law School, Legal Information
Institute,
http://topics.law.cornell.edu/
.

56.
Holtzman and Cooper,
Impeachment of George W. Bush
.

57.
“The Bush Admin's Secret OLC Memos,” American Civil Liberties Union,
www.aclu.org/
(accessed April 18, 2011).

58.
“The Torturers' Manifesto,”
New York Times
, April 19, 2009.

59.
South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission, official website,
www.justice.gov.za/trc/
.

60.
Patrick Leahy, “A Truth Commission to Investigate Bush-Cheney Administration Abuses,”
Huffington Post
, February 12, 2009.

61.
Elizabeth Drew,
Washington Journal: The Events of 1973–1974
(New York: Vintage, 1976), pp. 16–17.

62.
U.S. Senate Select Committee,
Intelligence Activities.

63.
The 9/11 Commission Report
.

64.
“Statement by Sir John Chilcot about the First Set of Public Hearings,” Iraq Inquiry,
www.iraqinquiry.org.uk/
(accessed April 11, 2011).

65.
Afua Hirsch, “Iraq Invasion Violated International Law, Dutch Inquiry Finds,”
Guardian
, January 12, 2010.

1.
Boris Johnson, “George W. Bush Can't Fight for Freedom and Authorise Torture,”
Telegraph
, November 15, 2010.

2.
“Bush's Swiss Visit Off after Complaints on Torture,” Reuters, February 5, 2011,
www.reuters.com
.

3.
Javier Moreno, “Why El País Chose to Publish the Leaks,”
El País in English
, December 12, 2010.

4.
Katherine Gallagher, “Efforts to Hold Donald Rumsfeld and Other High-level United States Officials Accountable for Torture,”
Journal of International Criminal Justice
7, no. 5 (2009): 1087–1116.

5.
Shashank Bengali, “Other Countries Probing Bush-Era Torture—Why Aren't We?” McClatchy, August 18, 2010,
www.mcclatchydc.com/
.

6.
Robert H. Jackson, opening statement, Nuremberg Trials, 1945,
The Supreme Court: Supreme Court History
, “Primary Sources,” PBS,
www.pbs.org/
(accessed April 22, 2011).

7.
“Judge Dan Haywood Delivers Decision of the Court,”
American Rhetoric: Movie Speeches
,
www.americanrhetoric.com
(accessed April 22, 2011).

8.
“Japanese War Criminals Hanged in Tokyo,” History.com,
www.history.com/
.

9.
Michael Haas,
George W. Bush, War Criminal? The Bush Administration's Liability for 269 War Crimes
(Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers, 2008), pp. 221–37.

10.
International Criminal Court,
www.icc-cpi.int/
(accessed April 22, 2011).

11.
“Universal Jurisdiction in Europe,” Human Rights Watch, June 27, 2006,
www.hrw.org/en/node/11297/section/2
.

12.
“Universal Jurisdiction: Questions and Answers Concerning Universal Jurisdiction,” Amnesty International,
www.amnestyusa.org/
(accessed July 20, 2011); “Universal Jurisdiction: The Duty of States to Enact and Implement Legislation,” Amnesty International, August 31, 2001,
www.amnesty.org/
(accessed July 20, 2011).

13.
Stacie Jonas, “The Ripple Effect of the Pinochet Case,”
Human Rights Brief
11, no. 3 (May 24, 2004): 36–38, Global Policy Forum,
www.globalpolicy.org/
(accessed April 22, 2011).

14.
Naomi Roht-Arriaza,
The Pinochet Effect: Transnational Justice in the Age of Human Rights
(Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2004).

15.
Jonas, “Ripple Effect of the Pinochet Case.”

16.
“The Spanish Investigation into U.S. Torture,” Center for Constitutional Rights,
http://ccrjustice.org/
(accessed April 22, 2011).

17.
Carol Rosenberg, “WikiLeaks: How U.S. Tried to Stop Spain's Torture Probe,”
Miami Herald
, December 25, 2010.

18.
Scott Horton, “The Madrid Cables,”
Harper's
, December 1, 2009.

19.
David Corn, “Obama and GOPers Worked Together to Kill Bush Torture Probe,”
Mother Jones
, December 1, 2010.

20.
“US Embassy Cables: Second Investigation Opened into Alleged US Torture of Terrorism Detainees,”
Guardian
, December 1, 2010.

21.
“US Refuses to Investigate Bush Lawyers' Role in Torture,” European Center for Constitutional and Human Rights,
www.ecchr.de/
(accessed April 30, 2011).

22.
Mary Ellen Warlow to Paula Monge Royo, letter, March 1, 2011, Center for Constitutional Rights,
http://ccrjustice.org/
(accessed April 30, 2011).

23.
Sarah Posner, “Spain Court Turns Over Guantanamo Torture Investigation to US,”
Jurist
, April 13, 2011,
http://jurist.org
.

24.
“Belgium Gets War Crimes Cases Against Bush/Blair,” Reuters, June 19, 2003,
www.commondreams.org/
.

25.
Ian Black, “Belgium Gives in to US on War Crimes,”
Guardian
, June 24, 2003.

26.
“Universal Jurisdiction in Europe,” Human Rights Watch.

27.
“German War Crimes Complaint Against Donald Rumsfeld et al.,” Center for Constitutional Rights,
http://ccrjustice.org/
(accessed April 22, 2011).

28.
Adam Zagorin, “Exclusive: Charges Sought against Rumsfeld over Prison Abuse,”
Time
, November 10, 2006.

29.
“Re: Criminal Complaint against Donald Rumsfeld et al.,” notarized document by German federal prosecutor, Karlsruhe, Germany, April 5, 2007, Center for Constitutional Rights,
http://ccrjustice.org/
(accessed April 22, 2011).

30.
Gallagher, “Efforts to Hold Donald Rumsfeld.”

31.
Neil A. Lewis, “U.S. Rejects All Support for New Court on Atrocities,”
New York Times
, May 7, 2002.

32.
Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, United Nations Treaties Collection,
http://untreaty.un.org/
(accessed April 22, 2011).

33.
Lynn Gentile, “Understanding the International Criminal Court,” in
African Guide to International Criminal Justice
(Institute for Security Studies, 2008), p. 99,
www.issafrica.org/
(accessed April 22, 2011).

34.
“The International Criminal Court,” fact sheet, Amnesty International,
www.amnestyusa.org/international_justice/pdf/IJA_Factsheet_1_International_Criminal_Court.pdf
.

35.
“Bashir Warrant Is Warning to Abusive Leaders,” Human Rights Watch, February 3, 2010,
www.hrw.org
(accessed April 22, 2011).

36.
“International Criminal Court Cases in Africa: Status and Policy Issues,” Congressional Research Service, July 14, 2010,
www.policyarchive.org/
(accessed April 22, 2011).

37.
“International Arrest Warrants Requested,” Bush to The Hague, January 19, 2010,
www.bushtothehague.org/
.

38.
Elizabeth Becker, “U.S. Ties Military Aid to Peacekeepers' Immunity,”
New York Times
, August 10, 2002.

39.
“Bilateral Immunity Agreements,” American Non-Governmental Organizations Coalition for the International Criminal Court (AMICC),
www.amicc.org/
(accessed April 22, 2011).

40.
Nicholas D. Kristof, “Schoolyard Bully Diplomacy,”
New York Times
, October 16, 2005.

41.
Jamie Jansen, “Europe Rights Watchdog Says CIA Prisons, Rendition Flights Involve ‘Web' of Nations,”
Jurist
, June 7, 2006,
http://jurist.org/
.

42.
The Convention Against Torture
, Human Rights Web,
www.hrweb.org/legal/cat.html
;
Geneva Conventions
, International Committee of the Red Cross,
www.icrc.org/
.

43.
Convention Against Torture
, Articles 13–14;
Geneva Conventions
, Article 146.

44.
John Hooper, “Italian Court Finds CIA Agents Guilty of Kidnapping Terrorism Suspect,”
Guardian
, November 4, 2009.

45.
“Spanish Investigation into U.S. Torture.”

46.
Maureen Cosgrove, “Spain Court Allows Guantanamo Torture Investigation to Continue,”
Jurist
, February 26, 2011,
http://jurist.org/
.

47.
Mónica Ceberio Belaza, “How US Worked to Get Three Soldiers Off the Hook for Cameraman's Death,”
El País
, December 1, 2010.

48.
Scott Horton, “Arrest of 13 CIA Agents Sought in Spain,”
Harper's
, May 12, 2010.

49.
“The El Masri Case,” European Center for Constitutional and Human Rights,
www.ecchr.eu/
(accessed April 30, 2011).

50.
“Man Sues CIA over Torture Claims,” BBC, December 7, 2005,
http://news.bbc.co.uk/
.