Cheating Justice (33 page)

69.
Dwight D. Eisenhower to E. Roland Harriman, August 1, 1955. In
The Papers of Dwight David Eisenhower
, eds. L. Galambos and D. van Ee, doc. 1536,
http://www.eisenhowermemorial.org
.

70.
“The Torture Question: Frequently Asked Questions.”

71.
“Amending the Amendments: War Crimes Act of 1996,”
Intlawgrrls
,
http://intlawgrrls.blogspot.com
(accessed April 22, 2011).

72.
John Barry, Michael Isikoff, and Michael Hirsh, “The Roots of Torture,”
Newsweek
, May 24, 2004.

73.
Alberto R. Gonzales, “Decision re Application of the Geneva Convention on Prisoners of War to the Conflict with Al Qaeda and the Taliban,” memorandum, January 25, 2002,
Torturing Democracy
website,
www.torturingdemocracy.org
(accessed April 22, 2011).

74.
Colin Powell, “Draft Decision Memorandum.”

75.
William H. Taft IV, memorandum, February 2, 2002,
Torturing Democracy
website,
http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/torturingdemocracy/
(accessed April 11, 2011).

76.
Bush, “Humane Treatment of al Qaeda.”

77.
Central Intelligence Agency, “Special Review, Counterterrorism Detention.”

78.
Mark Mazzetti and Scott Shane, “Interrogation Debate Sharply Divided Bush White House,”
New York Times
, May 4, 2009.

79.
“GOP Senators Urge Bush to Back Torture Ban Bill,” Associated Press, November 6, 2005,
www.foxnews.com/
.

80.
Josh White, “President Relents, Backs Torture Ban,”
Washington Post
, December 16, 2005.

81.
Ibid.

82.
Office of Professional Responsibility,
Investigation into the Office
, p. 152.

83.
Detainee Treatment Act of 2005, 42 USC § 2000dd,
http://jurist.law.pitt.edu/
.

84.
Detainee Treatment Act, signing statement,
http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/
.

85.
Charlie Savage, “Bush Could Bypass New Torture Ban,”
Boston Globe
, January 4, 2006,
www.boston.com/
.

86.
Hamdan v. Rumsfeld, 548 U.S. 557 (2006),
www.oyez.org/cases/2000–2009/2005/2005_05_184
.

87.
Office of Professional Responsibility,
Investigation into the Office
, p. 153.

88.
“President Discusses Creation of Military Commissions to Try Suspected Terrorists,” press release, September 6, 2006,
http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/
.

89.
R. Jeffrey Smith, “War Crimes Act Changes Would Reduce Threat of Prosecution,”
Washington Post
, August 9, 2006.

90.
Military Commissions Act of 2006, 10 USC §§ 948–949,
http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/
.

91.
Statement of Alberto J. Mora, Senate Committee on Armed Services Hearing on the
Treatment of Detainees in U.S. Custody, June 17, 2008, Federation of American Scientists website,
www.fas.org/
.

92.
18 USC §§ 2340–2340A (anti-torture law).

93.
Ronald Reagan, “Message to the Senate Transmitting the Convention Against Torture and Inhuman Treatment or Punishment,” May 20, 1988,
www.reagan.utexas.edu/archives/
.

94.
George Bush, interview with Martha Raddatz, ABC News, April 11, 2008,
http://abcnews.go.com/
.

95.
U.S. Department of Justice, “A Review of the FBI's Involvement in and Observations of Detainee Interrogations in Guantanamo Bay, Afghanistan, and Iraq,” May 2008,
http://graphics8.nytimes.com/packages/pdf/washington/20080521_DETAIN_report.pdf
, pp. 67–69.

96.
Colonel Lawrence B. Wilkerson, “The Truth about Richard Bruce Cheney,”
Washington Note
, May 13, 2009,
www.thewashingtonnote.com/
.

97.
U.S. Department of Justice, “Detainee Interrogations,” pp. 181, 183, 204.

98.
“U.S. Operatives Killed Detainees During Interrogations in Afghanistan and Iraq,” press release, American Civil Liberties Union, October 24, 2005,
www.aclu.org/
.

99.
Deborah Colson and Avi Cover, “Tortured Justice: Using Coerced Evidence to Prosecute Terrorist Suspects,” Human Rights First, April 2008,
www.humanrightsfirst.org/
.

100.
Joseph Margulies, “Abu Zubaydah's Suffering,”
Los Angeles Times
, April 30, 2009.

101.
U.S. Senate Committee on Armed Services,
Inquiry into the Treatment of Detainees
, pp. 140–41.

102.
Evan Wallach, “Drop by Drop: Forgetting the History of Water Torture in the U.S. Courts,”
Columbia Journal of Transnational Law
45 (2007): 468, 504.

103.
Mazzetti and Shane, “Interrogation Debate Sharply Divided Bush White House.”

104.
Bush,
Decision Points
, p. 171.

105.
George W. Bush, interview with Matt Lauer, NBC News Special,
Decision Points
, November 8, 2010,
www.msnbc.msn.com/
.

106.
Goldsmith,
Terror Presidency
, pp. 130–31.

107.
Office of Professional Responsibility,
Investigation into the Office
, pp. 11, 252–54.

108.
“OPR Report on the Torture Memos,” Alliance for Justice,
www.afj.org/
.

109.
United States of America v. Alstötter et al. (“The Justice Case”), 1948,
www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/nuremberg/Alstoetter.htm
.

110.
Karl, “‘High-Value' Detainees Transferred.”

111.
Cheney, remarks, American Enterprise Institute.

112.
Jones,
Torturing Democracy
.

113.
George W. Bush, interview with Matt Lauer, November 8, 2010.

114.
U.S. Senate Committee on Armed Services,
Inquiry into the Treatment of Detainees
, p. xxv.

115.
Cheney, remarks, American Enterprise Institute.

116.
Carrie Johnson and Josh White, “Audit Finds FBI Reports of Detainee Abuse Ignored,”
Washington Post
, May 21, 2008.

117.
Watts v. Indiana, 338 U.S. 49 (1949),
http://supreme.justia.com/us/338/49/
.

118.
Cheney, remarks, American Enterprise Institute.

119.
“President Bush's Speech on Terrorism.”

120.
Ali Soufan, “My Tortured Decision,”
New York Times
, April 22, 2009.

121.
Tom Lasseter, “Day 1: America's Prison for Terrorists Often Held the Wrong Men,” McClatchy, June 15, 2008,
www.mcclatchydc.com/
.

122.
David Rose, “Tortured Reasoning,”
Vanity Fair
, December 16, 2008.

123.
Dan Froomkin, “The Two Most Essential, Abhorrent, Intolerable Lies of George W. Bush's Memoir,”
Huffington Post
, November 22, 2010,
www.huffingtonpost.com/
.

124.
Scott Shane and Charlie Savage, “Bin Laden Raid Revives Debate on Value of Torture,”
New York Times
, May 3, 2011.

125.
Adam Goldman and Matt Apuzzo, “One Unwary Phone Call Led US to Bin Laden Doorstep,” Associated Press, May 2, 2011,
http://news.yahoo.com/
.

126.
Greg Sargent, “Exclusive: Private Letter from CIA Chief Undercuts Claim Torture Was Key to Killing Bin Laden,”
The Plum Line, Washington Post
blog, May 16, 2011,
www.washingtonpost.com/
.

127.
“McCain: U.S. Torture Did Not Lead to Bin Laden,” CBS News, May 12, 2011,
www.cbsnews.com/
.

128.
Jehl, “Qaeda-Iraq Link U.S. Cited.”

129.
“Obama Pledges ‘Full Support' to CIA, Defends Release of Interrogation Memos,” Fox News, April 20, 2009,
www.foxnews.com/
.

130.
Karen DeYoung and Peter Baker, “Bush Detainee Plan Adds to World Doubts of U.S., Powell Says,”
Washington Post
, September 19, 2006.

131.
Central Intelligence Agency, “Special Review, Counterterrorism Detention,” p. 91.

132.
“Brains not Brutality,”
Today
, BBC Channel 4, November 9, 2010,
http://news.bbc.co.uk/
.

133.
Haroon Siddique and Chris McGreal, “Waterboarding Is Torture, Downing Street Confirms,”
Guardian
, November 9, 2010,
www.guardian.co.uk/
.

134.
Andrew Porter, “David Cameron: Waterboarding Does Not Save Lives,”
Telegraph
, November 11, 2010,
www.telegraph.co.uk/
.

135.
“CIA Treatment of Suspected Terrorist to Be Investigated,”
Warsaw (Poland) Business Journal
, September 22, 2010,
www.wbj.pl
.

136.
Broken Laws, Broken Lives
, Physicians for Human Rights, June 2008,
http://brokenlives. info/?page_id=23
.

137.
“Experiments in Torture: Medical Group Accuses CIA of Carrying Out Illegal Human Experimentation,”
Democracy Now!
, June 8, 2010,
www.democracynow.org/2010/6/8/
experiments_in_torture_medical_group_accuses.

138.
“Guidelines on Medical and Psychological Support to Detainee Rendition, Interrogation and Detention,” American Civil Liberties Union, Office of Medical Services, May 17, 2004,
www.aclu.org/
.

139.
Steven Bradbury to John A. Rizzo, “Re: Application of 18 USC §§ 2340–2340A to Certain Techniques That May Be Used in the Interrogation of a High Value al Qaeda Detainee,” memorandum, May 10, 2005,
http://luxmedia.com.edgesuite.net/aclu/olc_05102005_ bradbury46pg.pdf
.

140.
Josh White, “Documents Tell of Brutal Improvisation by GIs,”
Washington Post
, August 3, 2005.

141.
Hina Shamsi,
Command's Responsibility: Detainee Deaths in U.S. Custody in Iraq and Afghanistan
, ed. Deborah Pearlstein,
Human Rights First
, February 2006,
www.humanrights first.org/
.

1.
George W. Bush, remarks on signing the No Child Left Behind Act, quoted at
www2.ed.gov/admins/lead/account/stateacct/edlite-slide002.html
.

2.
David Morgan, “Bush: I've Made No Mistakes Since 9/11,” Reuters, April 14, 2004,
www.commondreams.org/
.

3.
“Bush Admits Mistakes, Defends Decisions,” MSNBC video excerpt, November 9, 2010,
http://today.msnbc.msn.com/
.

4.
Watergate Special Prosecution Force Report
(Washington, DC: U.S.government Printing Office, October 1975).

5.
Ethics in Government Act of 1978, 28 USC 591–599.

6.
Bruce Shapiro, “Men in Black (Robes),”
Salon
, February 4, 1998,
www.salon.com/
.

7.
“Key Players in the CIA Leak Investigation,”
Washington Post
online, July 3, 2007,
www.washingtonpost.com/
.

8.
“Attorney General Declines to Investigate Bush Advisers,” CNN, February 29, 2008,
http://articles.cnn.com/
.

9.
“Mukasey's Contrast,”
New York Sun
, January 3, 2008,
www.nysun.com/
.

10.
“A Case for Accountability,”
New York Times
, January 25, 2011.

11.
Jack Maskell, “Independent Counsel Provisions: An Overview of the Operation of the Law,” Congressional Research Service, March 20, 1998, p.11,
www.policyarchive.org/
.

12.
Carrie Johnson, “Prosecutor to Probe CIA Interrogations,”
Washington Post
, August 25, 2009.

13.
“Attorney General Eric Holder Regarding a Preliminary Review into the Interrogation of Certain Detainees, U.S. Department of Justice,” news release, U.S. Department of Justice, August 24, 2009.

14.
“Statement of the Attorney General Regarding Investigation into the Interrogation of Certain Detainees,” U.S. Department of Justice, June 20, 2011,
www.justice.gov/
.

15.
“How ‘Grave Breaches' Are Defined in the Geneva Conventions and Additional Protocols: FAQ,” April 6, 2004, International Committee of the Red Cross Resource Centre,
www.icrc.org/
.

16.
FISA Amendments Act of 2008, 50 USC § 1801 et seq.,
www.govtrack.us/
.

17.
Spencer S. Hsu, “Government Reports Violations of Limits on Spying Aimed at U.S. Citizens,”
Washington Post
, December 3, 2010.

18.
“Summary of FISA Amendments Act FOIA Documents Released on November 29, 2010,” American Civil Liberties Union,
www.aclu.org
.

19.
Eric Lichtblau and James Risen, “Officials Say U.S. Wiretaps Exceeded Law,”
New York Times
, April 15, 2009.

20.
Senator Russ Feingold, “The Problems with the FISA Bill,” Counterpunch, July 9, 2008,
www.counterpunch.org
.

21.
“Court Reinstates ACLU Lawsuit Challenging Unconstitutional Spying Law,” news release, American Civil Liberties Union, March 21, 2011,
www.aclu.org
.

22.
18 USC § 2071, Justia.com, ttp://law.justia.com/(accessed April 11, 2011).

23.
“C.I.A. Interrogation Tapes,” Times Topics,
New York Times
, November 9, 2010.

24.
“A Case for Accountability,”
New York Times.

25.
Michael Isikoff, “CIA Faces Second Probe over Videotape Destruction,” NBC News, November 10, 2010,
www.msnbc.msn.com
.