Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology (300 page)

Haven , Samuel Foster
(1806–81)
[Bi].

American antiquary and librarian of the American Antiquarian Society. In 1856 he published a remarkable book,
Archaeology of the United States
(Washington DC: Smithsonian Institute), which distilled all that was known about the prehistory of North America at that time. In it, he argued that the native American Indians were of high antiquity and that their ancestors had been responsible for constructing and using the great earthen mounds and platforms known in central and eastern parts of North America.
[Bio.: C. Deane , 1885,
Memoir of Samuel F. Haven.
Cambridge MA: John Wilson]

 
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Haverfield , Francis John
(1860–1919)
[Bi].

British archaeologist and internationally known Roman historian. Born in Shipston-on-Stour, he was educated at Winchester and later went up to New College, Oxford, and obtained a first-class degree in Moderations. In 1884 he went to Lancing College as a sixth-form master, developing an interest in Roman epigraphy in his leisure. In 1892 he was invited to return to Oxford and spent the next fifteen years as a senior student at Christ Church. Roman Britain became an increasing passion, and during vacations he travelled widely, visiting or directing excavations. In 1907 he was appointed Camden Professor of Ancient History with an official fellowship at Brasenose College. He was regularly in touch with many scholars abroad and when WW1 broke out it troubled him greatly. After a cerebral haemorrhage in 1915 he died suddenly in 1919. Amongst his many publications were
The Romanization of Roman Britain
(1905 London: British Academy) and the posthumous
The Roman occupation of Britain
(1924, Oxford: Clarendon Press).
[Obit.:
Proceedings of the British Academy
, 9 (1919–20), 475–91]

 
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Hawkes , Charles Francis Christopher
(1905–92)
[Bi].

British pioneer in the study of European prehistory. Educated at Winchester and New College, Oxford, where he read Greats. He graduated in 1928 and the same year he was appointed to a post in the Department of British and Medieval Antiquities in the British Museum. His interest in excavation and in the Iron Age in particular had already been kindled through involvement with excavations at St Catherine's Hill, Winchester, in 1925–8. During WW2 he took up duties in the Ministry of Aircraft Production, returning to the British Museum briefly in 1945. A year later he was appointed as the first holder of the Chair of European Archaeology at Oxford, and was elected a Fellow of Keble College. He remained in the post until his retirement in 1972. While there he worked to develop a truly international view of prehistory. He also promoted the interests of scientific archaeology, was one of the founding fathers of the establishment of the Research Laboratory for Archaeology and the History of Art at Oxford, and invented the term ‘archaeometry’. He worked closely with both his wives, first
JACQUETTA HAWKES
(née Hopkins ) and later Sonia (née Chadwick ).
[Obit.:
The Times
, 31 March 1992]

 
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Hawkes , Jacquetta
(1910–96)
[Bi].

British archaeologist, author, and popularizer of archaeology. Born in Cambridge, daughter of biochemist and Nobel Prize winner Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins , she was educated at Purse School and, after declaring an interest in archaeology at the age of nine, became the first woman to study the full degree course in archaeology and anthropology at Cambridge while registered at Newnham College. At the end of her second year she went to excavate at Colchester where she met
CHRISTOPHER HAWKES
; they were married in 1933. Before WW2 she worked in Palestine and on several projects with Christopher . During WW2 she became a civil servant working as assistant principal at the Post-War Reconstruction Secretariat and later at the Ministry of Education. During this time she became interested in more imaginative writing and following an affair with the poet W. J. Turner published a book of poetry,
Symbols and speculations
(1949, London: Cresset Press). She became the Secretary of the UK National Committee for UNESCO and at the first UNESCO conference in Mexico City in 1947 she fell in love with J. B. Priestley . Leaving the civil service in 1949 to devote herself to writing, she divorced Christopher Hawkes , and married Priestley in 1953. Her book
A land
(1953, Newton Abbot: David and Charles), published the same year, remains an important study of landscape change and character. Later life also brought interests in many causes and she became, amongst other things, archaeological adviser to the Festival of Britain, a governor of the British Film Institute, and a vice-president of the Council for British Archaeology.
[Obit.:
The Independent
, 20 March 1996]

 
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See
ENGLISH HERITAGE
.

 
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