Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology (409 page)

South American farming cultures found in the Lower and Middle Amazon areas of Amazonia and tentatively dated to
c.
ad 400–500. Characterized by their ceramic assemblages which belong to the Incised Rim Horizon Style of the Amazon Basin. Some of the settlements of this phase are extremely large: the midden at the type-site of Manacapurú, Brazil, is approximately 2km long by 400m wide.

 
Back
  -  
 
New Search

A scheme or model that outlines a set of principles for the planning, organization, and running of medium and large-scale archaeological projects. Published first by English Heritage in 1989, an elaborated and expanded document was issued in 1991 that has become known as MAP2. Based on the requirements of large-scale archaeological excavations and the subsequent programme of post-excavation analysis, the suggested system involves a continuous loop of four steps: proposal; decision; data-collection; and review. This cycle applies sequentially through five main stages in the life of a project: planning; fieldwork; assessment of potential for analysis; analysis and report preparation; and dissemination.

 
Back
  -  
 
New Search

A fully researched, structured, and formally approved scheme or strategy for the long-term maintenance of an archaeological site or land unit containing archaeological remains. Such plans may deal only with archaeological matters or be more broadly based with archaeology as one component. A management plan usually includes a summary of what is known of the site, its importance, the issues that relate to its future well-being, and a series of actions for immediate, medium-term, and long-term implementations. Different philosophies underpin the aims of management plans, for example conservation only, exploitation through public access and presentation, or excavation and research. Typical issues covered by a management plan include: appropriate land use, tree-growth, animal activity, fencing, public access, litter and amenity, movement through and within the area (footpaths, roads, tracks, etc.), signboarding, interpretation, and further archaeological research.

 
Back
  -  
 
New Search

Late Iron Age
oppidum
originally adjacent to the Danube near Ingolstadt, Bavaria, Germany, established during the La Tène period,
c.
200 bc. Excavations by Werner Krämer during the 1950s showed that Manching was one of the largest
oppida
in Europe which may have been a regional market. The defences were elaborate, consisting of timber and stone walls 7km in length, enclosing 350ha, with four main gateways. Internally the settlement was well organized, probably pre-planned, with wide streets and regular rows of rectangular buildings in front of zones containing pits and working areas. Other areas were enclosed for granaries or horse stalls. The site was divided into work areas for particular crafts, such as wood, leather, and ironworking. Coins were minted and used on the site. There is evidence of a violent end to the settlement
c.
50 bc, although some occupation may have continued later in the northern part of the site.
[Sum.: W. Krämer , 1960, The
oppidum
of Manching.
Antiquity
, 34, 191–200. Rep.: W. Krämer and F. Schubert , 1970,
Die Ausgrabungen in Manching 1955–1961. Einführung und Fundstellenbüersicht.
Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag]

 
Back
  -  
 
New Search

The last imperial dynasty of China, ad 1644–1912. The Manchus were originally a nomadic people centred on the northern province of Kirin, Manchuria. They acquired much technical knowledge from the Chinese, to whom they were subject in the Ming Dynasty. They established their own kingdom in the 17th century
ad
and were able to invade and assume the government of China in ad 1644.

 
Back
  -  
 
New Search