Demanding the Impossible: A History of Anarchism (143 page)

17
  Ibid., p. 136

18
  Ibid., pp. 135–6

19
  Ibid., p. 146

20
  Ibid., p. 156

21
  See
Guardian Weekly
, 13 March, 1988, p. 15. In the interview with Michel Contat, Robbe-Grillet asserts that he is ‘an anarchist all the way’.

22
  Gorer,
The Life and Ideas of the Marquis de Sade
, op. cit., p. 142

23
  Pierre Klossowski,
Sade mon prochain
(Paris: Editions du Seuil, 1947), p. 34

24
  Cf. Berneri,
Journey through Utopia
, op. cit., p. 178

25
  Kropotkin,
Anarchist Communism
, op. cit., p. 31

26
  Bookchin,
The Ecology of Freedom
, op. cit., p. 328. See also Edward Mason, ‘Fourier and Anarchism’,
The Quarterly Journal of Economics
, XLII, 2 (February 1928), 228–62

27
  
The Utopian Vision of Charles Fourier
, ed. Jonathan Beecher & Richard Bienvenu (Boston: Beacon Press, 1971), p. 1

28
  Ibid., p. 161

29
  Ibid., pp. 196, 177, 321

30
  Ibid., p. 23

31
  Ibid., p. 353. See also Frank Manuel, ‘Charles Fourier: The Burgeoning of Instinct’,
The Prophets of Paris
(Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1962)

32
  
The Utopian Vision of Charles Fourier
, op. cit., p. 43

33
  Ibid., p. 169

34
  Ibid., p. 317

35
  Ibid., p. 69

1
    See John W. Burrow, ‘Introduction’, Wilhelm von Humboldt,
The Limits of State Action
(Cambridge University Press, 1969), p. xvii

2
    Max Nettlau,
Bibliographie de l’anarchie
(Paris, 1897; New York: Burk Franklin, 1968), p. 31

3
    See Noam Chomsky,
Problems of Knowledge and Freedom
(Fontana, 1972), pp. 48–9; and his Introduction to Guérin,
Anarchism
, op. cit., p. xi

4
    See Burrow, ‘Introduction’,
The Limits of State Action
, op. cit., p. xviii

5
    Ibid., p. 16

6
    Ibid., p. 20

7
    Ibid., pp. 131, 40

8
    Ibid., p. 28

9
    Ibid., pp. 10, 11

10
  Ibid., p. 63

11
  Ibid., p. 91

12
  Ibid., p. 130

13
  Ibid., p. 131

14
  See Peter Kropotkin to Max Nettlau, 5 March 1902, in P. Kropotkin,
Selected Writings on Anarchism and Revolution
,
ed. Martin A. Miller (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1970), p. 305

15
  Emma Goldman,
Anarchism and Other Essays
, ed. Richard Drinnon (New York: Dover, 1969), p. 44

16
  Rudolf Rocker,
Nationalism and Culture
, op. cit., p. 83

17
  Herbert Read, ‘The Philosophy of Anarchism’ (1940),
Anarchy & Order
, op. cit., pp. 39–40

18
  Nietzsche,
Twilight of the Idols and the Anti-Christ
, trans. R. J. Hollingdale (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1969), p. 86

19
  Nietzsche, ‘Maxims and Reflections’,
A Nietzsche Reader
, ed. R. J. Hollingdale (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1977), p. 279

20
  Nietzsche,
The Gay Science
(1882), quoted in Walter Kaufmann,
Nietzsche: Philosopher, Psychologist, Antichrist
(Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1974), p. 375

21
  Nietzsche,
The Case of Wagner
(1888), quoted in Kaufmann, ibid., p. 731

22
  See R. J. Hollingdale,
Nietzsche
(Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1973), p. 194

23
  Nietzsche,
Thus Spoke Zarathustra
, trans. R. J. Hollingdale (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1964), p. 116

24
  Ibid., pp. 83, 91, 93

25
  See Kropotkin to Max Nettlau, 5 March 1902, Kropotkin,
Selected Writings
, op. cit., p. 297

26
  See Hollingdale’s comments, Nietzsche,
Twilight of the Idols
, op. cit., p. 108

27
  
Thus Spoke Zarathustra
, op. cit., p. 86

28
  Nietzsche,
Beyond Good and Evil
(1886), quoted in Hollingdale,
Nietzsche
, op. cit., pp. 145–6

29
  Kaufmann,
Nietzsche
, op. cit., p. 360.

30
  Nietzsche,
The Gay Science
(1882), quoted in Hollingdale,
Nietzsche
, op. cit., p. 96

31
  
Twilight of the Idols
, op. cit., p. 110

32
  Ibid., p. 92

33
  Ibid., pp. 96, 101

34
  
Thus Spoke Zarathustra
, op. cit., p. 88

35
  Ibid., p. 77

36
  Ibid., pp. 75–6

37
  Ibid., pp. 75–6, 154

38
  
Twilight of the Idols
, op. cit., p. 92

39
  Ibid., pp. 60, 63

40
  
Thus Spoke Zarathustra
, op. cit., p. 227

41
  Emma Goldman,
Anarchism and Other Essays
, op. cit., p. 44

42
  Goldman,
Living My Life
(New York: Alfred Knopf, 1931), I, 194

1
    John Stuart Mill
On Liberty
(1859) in
Utilitarianism, On Liberty, Essay on Bentham
, ed. Mary Warnock (Fontana, 1970), p. 186

2
    Mill,
Autobiography
(1873) (New York: Signet, 1964), pp. 182–3

3
    See Alan Ryan,
J. S. Mill
(Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1974), p. 183

4
    Mill,
Autobiography
, op. cit., p. 168. Max Nettlau quotes the sentence approvingly in his
Bibliographic de l’anarchie
, op. cit., p. 225

5
    
On Liberty
, op. cit., p. 171. Cf. p. 180

6
    Ibid., p. 138

7
    Ibid., p. 227

8
    Ibid., p. 185

9
    Ibid., p. 135

10
  Ibid., p. 250

11
  Ibid., p. 136

12
  Ryan,
J. S. Mill
, op. cit., p. 127. Cf. p. 130

13
  See Kropotkin,
Anarchism and Anarchist Communism
, op. cit., pp. 21, 30–1;
Ethics
, op. cit., pp. 288–322; Emma Goldman, ‘What I Believe’,
Red Emma Speaks
, ed. Alix Kates Shulman (Wildwood House, 1979), p. 35. See also Max Nettlau,
Bibliographie de l’anarchie
, op. cit., p. 225

14
  See Donald Macrae, Introduction to Herbert Spencer,
The Man versus The State
(1884) (Harmondsworth: Pelican, 1969), p. 35

15
  Spencer, ‘The Sins of Legislators’, ibid., p. 112

16
  Ibid., p. 183

17
  ‘The Great Political Superstition’,
Essays, Scientific, Political and Speculative
(London & New York, 1892), III, 42, quoted in Kropotkin,
Anarchist Communism
, op. cit., p. 30

18
  See Spencer, ‘Representative Government - What is it Good For?’ (1857),
The Man versus the State
, op. cit., p. 271

19
  ‘The Great Political Superstition’, ibid., p. 151

20
  ‘The Coming Slavery’,
ibid.
, pp. 100, 107

21
  See ‘Postscript’,
The Man versus the State
, op. cit., p. 184; and ‘From Freedom to Bondage’ (1891), ibid., p. 334

22
  See T. H. Huxley’s ‘Administrative Nihilism’,
Fortnightly Review
(1871), pp. 525–43

23
  See Spencer, ‘Specialized Administration’ (1871) in
The Man versus The State
, op. cit., p. 306

24
  Kropotkin,
Anarchist Communism
, op. cit., p. 30n

25
Spencer,
The Proper Sphere of Government
(1842)

26
  ‘Specialized Administration’, op. cit., p. 288

27
  Spencer,
Social Statics
(Williams & Norgate, 1868), p. 306

28
  See J. D. Y. Peel,
Herbert Spencer: The Evolution of a Sociologist
(1971)

29
  Spencer,
Principles of Ethics
(1893 edn.), para 391. Spencer associates anarchism with ‘the doctrine of Ravachol’ - see Kropotkin,
Ethics
, op. cit., p. 320

30
  See David Wiltshire,
The Social and Political Thought of Herbert Spencer
(Oxford University Press, 1978), p. 13

31
  Henry W. Nevinson, ‘Edward Carpenter’,
Great Democrats
, ed. A. Barratt Brown (Nicholson & Watson, 1934), p. III. Nettlau in his
Bibliographie de l’anarchie
(op. cit., p. 220) also refers to Carpenter’s ‘socialisme libertaire’.

32
  Edward Carpenter,
Civilization: Its Causes and Cure
(1889) (Swann Sonnenschein, 1897 edn.), p. 5

33
  Ibid., p. 31. Cf. Edward Carpenter,
Edward Carpenter 1844–1929
(Dr Williams’s Trust, 1970), p. 20

34
  Ibid., p. 42

35
  Carpenter,
Non-Governmental Society
(A. C. Fifield, 1911), p. 214

36
  See Carpenter,
Prisons, Police and Punshment: An Inquiry into the Causes of Crime and Criminals
(A. C. Fifield, 1905)

37
  Carpenter,
Towards Democracy
(1883) (Allen & Unwin, 1931), p. 111

38
  Ibid., p. 62

39
  See Thomas H. Bell,
Edward Carpenter: The English Tolstoi
(Los Angeles: The Libertarian Group, 1932)

40
  Quoted by E. P. Thompson,
William Morris: Romantic to Revolutionary
, 2nd edn. (Merlin Press, 1977), p. 244

41
  Ibid., p. 802

42
  Ibid., p. 772

43
  William Morris, ‘The Society of the Future’ (1887),
Political Writings of William Morris
, ed. A. L. Morton (Lawrence & Wishart, 1973), p. 192

44
  Ibid., p. 201

45
  Morris,
News from Nowhere, or An Epoch of Rest
(1890) (Longmans, Green & Co., 1907), p. 121

46
  Ibid., p. 83

47
  Ibid., pp. 84, 83, 87

48
  Ibid., p. 102

49
  Ibid., p. 64

50
  See Paul Meier,
William Morris: The Marxist Dreamer
, trans. Frank Gubb, 2 vols. (Hassocks: Harvester, 1978)

51
  Morris, ‘Communism’ (1893),
Political Writings
, op. cit., p. 234

52
  ‘How I Became a Socialist’ (1894), ibid., p. 242

53
  See Thompson,
William Morris
, op. cit., p. 770

54
  Morris, ‘How I Became a Socialist’,
Political Writings
, op. cit., p. 242

55
  Morris to James Tochatti, 21 December 1893, quoted in Thompson,
William Morris
, op. cit., p. 596