Democracy of Sound (54 page)

24
. Tim Quirk, “The Quiet Revolution,”
Rhapsody: The Mix
, April 22, 2010,
http://blog.rhapsody.com/2010/04/the-quiet-revolution.html
, accessed May 6, 2011.

25
. Chris Anderson, “The Long Tail,”
Wired
, October 2004, 170–7; Eben Moglen, “Freeing the Mind: Free Software and the Death of Proprietary Culture,” June 29, 2003,
http://moglen.law.columbia.edu/publications/maine-speech.pdf
, 3, accessed July 19, 2011.

26
. Judith Stein,
Running Steel, Running America: Race, Economic Policy, and the Decline of Liberalism
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1998), 277; James Boyle,
Shamans, Software and Spleens: Law and the Construction of the Information Society
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1997), 1.

27
. “The Information Revolution,”
New York Times
, May 23, 1965, section 11, 1; Greg Downey, “Commentary: The Place of Labor in the History of Information-Technology Revolutions,” in
Uncovering Labour in Information Revolutions, 1750–2000
, ed. Aad Blok and Greg Downey (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2004), 228; Manuel Castells,
The Rise of the Network Society: The Information Age: Economy, Society, and Culture, Volume 1
(Oxford, UK: Blackwell, 1996), 21; Marc Uri Porat,
The Information Economy: Definition and Measurement
(Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1977), 18.

28
. Adam Arvidsson,
Brands: Meaning and Value in Media Culture
(New York: Routledge, 2006), 6.

29
. Jonathan Fuerbringer, “Slow Unemployment Decline Foreseen by Job Experts,”
New York Times
, October 17, 1982, CNE1.

30
. House Committee on the Judiciary,
Copyright/Cable Television: Hearings on H.R. 1805, Part 2
, 97th Cong., 1st and 2nd sess., 1982, 1568.

31
. Information Infrastrucure Task Force,
Intellectual Property and the National Information Infrastructure: The Report of the Working Group on Intellectual Property Rights
(Washington, DC: Information Infrastrucure Task Force, 1995), 10.

32
. Kim Phillips-Fein has explored the sometimes uneasy alliance between the religious and corporate wings of the conservative movement in her
Invisible Hands: The Businessmen’s Crusade against the New Deal
(New York: W. W. Norton, 2010), 231. Barlow’s life illustrates that the conservative and countercultural visions were not totally separate; before founding the EFF, he was a committed libertarian and Republican activist, even working on Dick Cheney’s congressional campaign in the late 1970s before eventually breaking with the GOP; see Bruce P. Montgomery,
Richard B. Cheney and the Rise of the Imperial Vice Presidency
(Westport, CT: Greenwood, 2009), 61–2; “John Perry Barlow: Biography,”
European Graduate School
, July 19, 2011,
http://www.egs.edu/faculty/john-perry-barlow/biography
/, accessed on July 19, 2011.

33
. On neoliberalism, see David Harvey,
A Brief History of Neoliberalism
(New York: Oxford University Press, 2005) and Downey, “Commentary,” 230; for critiques of the paradigm, see Nick Gillespie, “Bush Was a Big-Government Disaster,”
Reason
, January 26, 2009, and Daniel Ben-Ami, “The Malthusians who Masquerade as Marxists,”
Spiked
, April 2011,
http://www.spiked-online.com/index.php/site/reviewofbooks_article/10464
, accessed September 1, 2011.

34
. Noam Chomsky, “Rollback,”
Z Magazine
, January–May 1995,
http://www.chomsky.info/articles/199505–.htm
, accessed September 1, 2011; Heather Ann Thompson, “Why Mass Incarceration Matters: Rethinking Crisis, Decline, and Transformation in Postwar American History,”
Journal of American History
97 (2010): 709.

35
. David Garland,
The Culture of Control: Crime and Social Order in Contemporary Society
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001), 98; Eric Schlosser,
Reefer Madness: Sex, Drugs, and Cheap Labor in the American Black Market
(New York: Houghton Mifflin, 2003), 215; Thompson, “Why Mass Incarceration Matters,” 703–4.

36
. Thomas J. Lueck, “Police Name the Officer Who Killed African Man,”
New York Times
, May 25, 2003; Barbara Ross, “Trial Stakes High for Widow, Cop,”
New York Daily News
, February 6, 2005, 10.

37
. Lawrence Lessig,
Remix: Making Art and Commerce Thrive in the Hybrid Economy
(London: Bloomsbury, 2008), xvii; available online at
http://www.scribd.com/doc/47089238/Remix
, accessed June 29, 2011.

38
. Sarah N. Lynch, “An American Pastime: Smoking Pot,”
Time
, July 11, 2008,
http://www.time.com/time/health/article/0,8599,1821697,00.html
, accessed July 1, 2011.

39
. For a contemporary example, see Christopher Craig Latson, “Contemporary Pirates: An Examination of the Perspectives and Attitudes toward the Technology, Progression, and Battles That Surround Modern Day Music Piracy in Colleges and Universities” (MA thesis, University of North Texas, 2004): 26, 61–2.

40
. Keith Roe, “Music and Identity among European Youth,” in
Music, Culture and Society in Europe
, ed. Paul Rutten (Brussels: European Music Office, 1996), 85–97.

41
. William Howland Kenney,
Recorded Music in American Life: The Phonograph and Popular Memory, 1890–1945
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1999), 3; see also Evan Eisenberg,
The Recording Angel: Music, Records, and Culture from Aristotle to Zappa
(New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2005).

42
. “Arguments before the Committee on Patents, May 2, 1906,” in
Legislative History of the 1909 Copyright Act, Volume 4
, ed. E. Fulton Brylawski and Abe Goldman (South Hackensack, NJ: Fred B. Rothman, 1976), 15.

43
. David Suisman,
Selling Sounds: The Commercial Revolution in American Music
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2009), 59–75; Russell Sanjek,
American Popular Music and Its Business: The First Four Hundred Years, Volume III
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1988), 33.

44
. Alex Veiga, “File-sharing Case Worries Indie Artists,”
USA Today
, March 25, 2005,
http://www.usatoday.com/tech/news/techpolicy/2005-03-25-indie-file-sharing_x.htm
, accessed March 23, 2011; Jeff Leeds, “The Net Is a Boon for Indie Labels,”
New York Times
, December 27, 2005, E1.

45
. Sudip Bhattacharjee, Ram D. Gopal, Kaveepan Lertwachara, James R. Marsden, and Rahul Telang, “The Effect of Digital Sharing Technologies on Music Markets: A Survival Analysis of Albums on Ranking Charts,”
Management Science
53 (2007): 1359–74.

46
. Ibid., 1372; see also Heather Green, “Kissing Off the Big Music Labels,”
Business Week
, September 6, 2004,
http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/04_36/b3898114_mz063.htm
, accessed March 23, 2011; and Peter Spellman,
Indie Power: A Business-Building Guide for Record Labels, Music Production Houses, and Merchant Musicians
(Boston: MBS Business Media, 2006).

47
. Bruce Fries and Marty Fries,
Digital Audio Essentials: A Comprehensive Guide to Creating, Recording, Editing, and Sharing Music and Other Audio
(Sebastopol, CA: O’Reilly Media, 2005), 72–3; “EAT’M Working with
MP3.com
,”
CMJ New Music Report
, June 29, 1999, 29; on typical recording artist royalties, see Christopher Knab and Bartley F. Day,
Music Is Your Business: The Musician’s FourFront Strategy for Success
(Seattle, WA: FourFront Media and Music, 2007), 108.

48
. Glenn Peoples, “Spotify Is Finally Available in the US—Now What?” July 14, 2011,
Billboard.biz
,
http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/industry/digital-and-mobile/spotify-isfinally-available-in-the-u-s-1005278192
.story, accessed July 19, 2011; Casey Johnston, “Eager to Share, but Doesn’t Quite Know How: Hands on with Spotify,”
Ars Technica
, July 19, 2011,
http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/reviews/2011/07/nothing-wrong-with-free-hands-on-with-spotify.ars
, accessed July 19, 2011.

49
. For a good overview of the service concept, see Stephen A. Herzenberg, John A. Alic, and Howard Wial,
New Rules for a New Economy: Employment and Opportunity in a Postindustrial America
(Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1998), 21–2; for the information economy, see Christopher May,
The Information Society: A Sceptical View
(Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell, 2002), 3–18.

50
. Benkler,
Wealth of Networks
, 55; Jeffrey Pepper Rodgers,
Rock Troubadours
(San Anselmo, CA: String Letter Publishing, 2000), 163–4.

51
. Herbie Hancock, preface to John Alderman,
Sonic Boom: Napster, MP3 and the New Pioneers of Music
(Cambridge, MA: Perseus, 2001), xviii.

52
. Ben Krakow, “Hail to the Thief: Music Blogs and the Propagation of New Music” (unpublished senior thesis, Vassar College, 2009).

53
. Information Infrastrucure Task Force,
Intellectual Property and the National Information Infrastructure: The Report of the Working Group on Intellectual Property Rights
(Washington, DC: Information Infrastrucure Task Force, 1995), 10.

54
. James Boyle,
The Public Domain: Enclosing the Commons of the Mind
(New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2008), 42.

55
. Jack Temple Kirby,
The Countercultural South
(Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1995), 39–42.

56
. Boyle,
Public Domain
, 35.

INDEX

2 Live Crew,
205

50 Cent,
170
–1,
204

999 Uses of the Tape Recorder
,
88

A&M Records v. MVC Distributing
(1978),
141

A&M Records,
142

ABC (American Broadcasting Company),
48
,
69
,
127

Abeles, Julian,
122

acetate,
41
,
55
,
63
–5,
69
,
77
,
96

Acuff-Rose,
205

Adderley, Cannonball,
78

Adorno, Theodor,
133

Aeolian,
28

AFM (American Federation of Musicians),
36
,
127
,
131
,
139

Afrika Bambaataa,
164
,
165
–7

Aftermath Records,
170

AGAC (American Guild of Authors and Composers),
121

All Boro Records and Tapes,
141

Allegro label,
76
,
77

Allison, Roy F.,
72

“Alone Again, Naturally” (Gilbert O’Sullivan),
205

Amazing Kornyfone label,
102
–3,
105
,
153

Amazon,
159
,
209

American Federation of Television and Radio Artists,
147

American Talking Machine Company,
13

Ampex Corporation,
69
,
83

Anchor label,
50

Anderson, Chris,
209

Andrews, Dana,
72
–3,
82

Anthology
(The Beatles),
105

Apocalypse Now
,
182

Apollo Company.
See White-Smith v. Apollo
(1908)

Apple Computer,
161
,
191
,
209

Apple Corps label,
100

appropriation art,
162
,
172
,
205
–6

Armour Research Company,
68

Armstrong, Louis,
40
,
55
–7,
110
,
176

Arons, Max,
127
,
139

ASCAP (American Society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers),
44
–5,
132
,
187

Associated Press (AP).
See International News Service v. Associated Press
(1919)

Association of American Publishers,
191

AT&T,
67
–8,
202

Atari,
180

Atlantic label,
140
,
181

Auld, Sam,
83
–4

Australia,
59
,
60
(fig.),
179
(fig.),
182
,
186

authenticity,
30
–1,
40
,
106
–7,
196

Author’s League,
123

“Autograph, The” (J. Cole),
1

Axelrod, Robert,
160

Babytone recorder,
42

Back from Hell
(Run-DMC),
164
,
197