Deng Xiaoping and the Transformation of China (164 page)

1.
John K. Fairbank, ed.,
The Chinese World Order: Traditional China's Foreign Relations
(Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1968); Thomas J. Barfield,
Perilous Frontier: Nomadic Empires and China
(Cambridge, Eng.: Basil Blackwell, 1989); Paul Cohen,
China Unbound: Evolving Perspectives on the Chinese Past
(New York: Rout-ledge Curzon, 2003).

2.
Quoted in E. Backhouse and J. O. P. Bland,
Annals and Memoirs of the Court of Peking
(Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1914).

3.
Linda Jacobson and Dean Knox, “New Foreign Policy Actors in China,” SIPRI (Stockholm International Peace Research Institute) Policy Paper no. 26 (September 2010), p. 22.

4.
On the international trading system in particular, see Edward S. Steinfeld,
Playing Our Game: Why China's Rise Doesn't Threaten the West
(New York: Oxford University Press, 2010).

5.
For general works on the Communist Party see Richard McGregor,
The
Party: The Secret World of China's Communist Rulers
(New York: HarperCollins, 2010); Yongnian Zheng,
The Chinese Communist Party as Organizational Emperor
(London and New York: Routledge, 2010).

6.
See G. William Skinner, “Marketing and Social Structure in Rural China,” parts 1, 2, and 3,
Journal of Asian Studies
24, no. 1 (November 1964): 3–44; 24, no. 2 (February 1965): 195–228; 24, no. 3 (May 1965): 363–399.

7.
See Rachel Murphy,
How Migrant Labor Is Changing Rural China
(New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002), and Leslie T. Chang,
Factory Girls: From Village to City in a Changing China
(New York: Spiegel and Grau, 2008), on bringing urban advances back to the villages.

8.
For works on law, see Stanley B. Lubman,
Bird in a Cage: Legal Reform in China after Mao
(Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1999); Randall Peerenboom,
China's Long March toward Rule of Law
(New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002); Jianfu Chen,
Chinese Law: Context and Transformation
(Boston: Martinus Nijhoff, 2008).

9.
See Anita Chan,
China's Workers under Assault: The Exploitation of Labor in a Globalizing Economy
(Armonk, N.Y.: M. E. Sharpe, 2001); Chang,
Factory Girls.

10.
Ezra F. Vogel,
One Step Ahead in China: Guangdong under Reform
(Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1989). For some of the abuses in the system, drawing on exposures within China, see Chan,
China's Workers under Assault.

11.
See Martin King Whyte,
Small Groups and Political Rituals in China
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1974); Gail E. Henderson and Myron S. Cohen,
The Chinese Hospital: A Socialist Work Unit
(New Haven: Yale University Press, 1984); Andrew G. Walder,
Communist Neo-Traditionalism: Work and Authority in Chinese Industry
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1986).

12.
See Deborah S. Davis,
The Consumer Revolution in Urban China
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000); Scott Rozelle and Jikun Huang, “The Marketization of Rural China: Gain or Pain for China's Two Hundred Million Farm Families?” in Jean C. Oi, Scott Rozelle, and Xueguang Zhou, eds.,
Growing Pains: Tensions and Opportunity in China's Transformation
(Stanford, Calif.: Walter H. Shorenstein Asia-Pacific Research Center, Stanford University, 2010), pp. 57–85.

13.
Martin King Whyte,
Myth of the Social Volcano: Perceptions of Inequality and Distributive Justice in Contemporary China
(Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 2010).

14.
Interview with Communist Party historian Shen Zhihua, December 2010.

Key People in the Deng Era

1.
A longer presentation about Chen Yun, including fuller sources, is in Ezra F. Vogel, “Chen Yun: His Life,”
Journal of Contemporary China
24, no. 45 (November 2005): 751–759.

2.
Deng Liqun,
Shierge chunqiu, 1975–1987: Deng Liqun zishu
(Twelve Springs
and Autumns, 1975–1987: Deng Liqun's Autobiography) (Hong Kong: Bozhi chubanshe, 2006), pp. 540–552.

3.
Chu Feng and Lu Wenhua, “Sulian yu Xinjiang de heping jiefang” (The Soviet Union and the Peaceful Liberation of Xinjiang),
Dangshi zonglan
, no. 3 (2005): 53–55.

4.
Interviews with Cheng Zhongyuan, who has been responsible for working with Deng Liqun in sorting out his papers and writing his history, July 2006.

5.
Immediately after the Third Plenum in 1978, Hu Qiaomu was assigned to oversee the drafting of party documents; Deng Liqun worked under him in the Political Research Office. See Deng Liqun,
Shierge chunqiu.

6.
See ibid., pp. 213–215.

7.
This information on Hu Qiaomu relies in part on Liu Zhonghai, Zheng Hui, and Cheng Zhongyuan, eds.
Huiyi Hu Qiaomu
(Remembering Hu Qiaomu) (Beijing: Dangdai Zhongguo chubanshe, 1994); and Hu Qiaomu,
Zhongguo gongchandang de sanshi nian
(Thirty Years of the Chinese Communist Party) (Beijing: Renmin chubanshe, 1951).

8.
Hu Qiaomu's criticisms of Deng Xiaoping in 1976 are reprinted in a volume by one of his co-workers; see Feng Lanrui,
Bie youren jianxing lunan: 1980 niandai qianhou Zhongguo sixiang lilun fengyun ji qita
(It Is an Unusually Difficult Journey to Travel: The Precarious Situation for Theoretical Thought Before and After the 1980s) (Hong Kong: Shidai guoji, 2005), pp. 38–83.

9.
Sheng Ping, ed.,
Hu Yaobang sixiang nianpu: 1975–1989
(A Chronology of Hu Yaobang's Thought: 1975–1989), 2 vols. (Hong Kong: Taide shidai chubanshe, 2007); Zheng Zhongbing, ed.,
Hu Yaobang nianpu ziliao changbian
(Materials for a Chronological Record of Hu Yaobang's Life), 2 vols. (Hong Kong: Shidai guoji chuban youxian gongsi, 2005); Zhang Liqun et al.,
Hu Yaobang zhuan
(Biography of Hu Yaobang), 2 vols., unpublished ms., available in the Fairbank Collection, Fung Library, Harvard University; and a collection of his friends' recollections, in Zhang Liqun et al., eds.,
Huainian Yaobang
, 4 vols. (Hong Kong: vols. 1–2: Lingtian chubanshe, 1999; vols. 3–4: Yatai guoji chuban youxian gongsi, 2001).

10.
His daughter Man Mei, a medical doctor, has written—with the help of party historians—a detailed history of her father; see Man Mei,
Sinian yiran wujin: Huiyi fuqin Hu Yaobang
(Longing without End: Memories of My Father, Hu Yaobang) (Beijing: Beijing chubanshe, 2005); Zhong Mei Yang,
Hu Yao Bang: A Chinese Biography
(Armonk, N.Y.: M. E. Sharpe, 1988); separate interviews with Hu's two sons, Hu Deping and Hu Dehua, both in July 2007; Sheng Ping,
Hu Yaobang sixiang nianpu;
Zheng Zhongbing,
Hu Yaobang nianpu ziliao changbian;
Zhang Liqun et al.,
Hu Yaobang zhuan;
and Zhang Liqun et al.,
Huainian Yaobang.

11.
Ziyang Zhao,
Prisoner of the State: The Secret Journal of Zhao Ziyang
, trans. and ed. Bao Pu, Renee Chiang, and Adi Ignatius (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2009).

12.
Interview with Robert Hawke, November 2002.

13.
Interview with Frank Gibney, November 2005.

14.
Printing Committee of the Canton Area Workers Revolutionary Committee,
Thirty-three “Leading Counterrevolutionary Revisionists,”
March 1968, translated into English in
Current Background
, no. 874 (March 17, 1969); “Disclosure of Teng Hsiao-ping's Dark Scheme to Form a ‘Petofi Club,’”
Tung Fang Hung
[Dongfang Hong], no. 20 (February 18, 1967), translated into English in
Survey of China Mainland Press
, no. 3903 (March 21, 1967): 1–6; Qinghua daxue Jinggangshan bingtuan “Meihuaxiao” zhandou zu (“Smiling Plum Blossom” Struggle Group of the Jinggangshan Corps of Qinghua University), ed.,
Chumu jingxin: Deng Xiaoping yanxinglu
(Eye to Eye with Something Frightening: A Record of Deng Xiaoping's Words and Deeds) (Beijing: Qinghua daxue Jinggangshan bingtuan “Meihuaxiao” zong dui yin, 1967), p. 21.

15.
DXPSTW
, pp. 105–112, 207–208.

16.
LZQ
, pp. 359–361.

17.
Interview with Hu's son, Hu Dehua, in their home just outside Zhongnanhai, July 2007.

18.
Ibid.

19.
Michel Oksenberg and Sai-cheung Yeung, “Hua Kuo-feng's Pre–Cultural Revolution Hunan Years, 1949–66: The Making of a Political Generalist,”
The China Quarterly
, no. 69 (March 1977): 3–53.

20.
Information in this section is from an interview with Ji Humin, son of Ji Dengkui, October 2007.

21.
For a more detailed official account of Li Xiannian's life, see “Li Xiannian zhuan” bianxiezu (Editorial Group for the Biography of Li Xiannian), ed.,
Li Xiannian zhuan: 1949–1992
(A Biography of Li Xiannian: 1949–1992), 2 vols. (Beijing: Zhongyang wenxian chubanshe, 2009).

22.
Chang, Kuo-t'ao [Zhang Guotao],
The Rise of the Chinese Communist Party: The Autobiography of Chang Kuo-t'ao
, 2 vols. (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1971–1972), pp. 188–189.

23.
This biographical overview draws on discussions in January 2006 with an official familiar with Mao Yuanxin's thinking.

24.
Guan Shan, “Ren Zhongyi tan Deng Xiaoping yu Guangdong de gaige kaifang” (Ren Zhongyi on Deng Xiaoping and the Reform and Opening in Guangdong),
Yanhuang chunqiu
, no. 8 (2004): 8. This discussion draws on several visits with Ren after he retired and with officials around him. Ren was modest about his own achievements, and the evaluation of his successes comes from others who served under him. Even after he retired, Ren did not complain about the party or other officials: criticisms of their roles come from officials who served with him.

25.
Li Rui, “Li Chang he ‘yierjiu’ neidai ren” (Li Chang and the December 9 Generation),
Yanhuang chunqiu
, no. 4 (2008): 1–4.

26.
Interview with Ren Zhongyi, December 2005.

27.
The biographical information in this section on Wan Li is drawn from Liu Changgen and Ji Fei,
Wan Li zai Anhui
(Wan Li in Anhui) (Hong Kong: Kaiyi chubanshe, 2001); Harrison E. Salisbury,
The New Emperors: China in the Era of Mao and Deng
(Boston: Little, Brown, 1992); as well as interviews with Wan Li's daughter, Shupeng, October 2003, and with Prime Minister Robert Hawke of Australia, June 2001 and November 2002

28.
Interview with Wan Shupeng, Wan Li's daughter, October 2003.

29.
Ibid.

30.
Elizabeth J. Perry,
Shanghai on Strike: The Politics of Chinese Labor
(Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1993), pp. 256–257.

31.
Barbara Barnouin and Changgen Yu,
Ten Years of Turbulence: The Chinese Cultural Revolution
(New York: Kegan Paul International, 1993), p. 248.

32.
Guoshi
, vol. 8, p. 95.

33.
Xu Jingxian,
Shinian yimeng: Qian Shanghai shiwei shuji Xu Jingxian wenge huiyi lu
(A Dream of Ten Years: A Record of the Recollections of the Cultural Revolution by Xu Jingxian, the Former Party Secretary of Shanghai) (Hong Kong: Shidai guoji chuban youxian gongsi, 2003), pp. 276–282, reported in Frederick C. Teiwes and Warren Sun,
The End of the Maoist Era: Chinese Politics during the Twilight of the Cultural Revolution, 1972–1976
(Armonk, N.Y.: M. E. Sharpe, 2007), p. 95.

34.
Guoshi
, vol. 8, p. 206.

35.
Ibid., pp. 206–207.

36.
Barnouin and Yu,
Ten Years of Turbulence
, pp. 248–249.

37.
Richard Evans,
Deng Xiaoping and the Making of Modern China
(New York: Viking, 1994); Parris H. Chang, “Political Profiles: Wang Hung-wen and Li Tehsheng,”
The China Quarterly, no. 57 (March 1974): 124–128; Philip Short, Mao: A Life
(New York: Henry Holt, 2000), pp. 608–609.

38.
For general background on Ye, see
YJYZ.
An early summary of Ye's career until 1965 and before the release of new materials about his background is contained in Donald W. Klein and Anne B. Clark,
Biographic Dictionary of Chinese Communism, 1921–1965
, 2 vols. (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1971), 2:1004–1009. Also interviews with Ye's son Ye Xuanlian, April 2002, and his nephew Ye Xuanji, December 2008 and September 2009.