Early Dynastic Egypt (85 page)

development of 41, 233, 234–8, 240–3, 244–5, 246–7, 253–5;

orientation of 235, 236–8, 256, 257;

symbolism of 40, 230–1, 233, 255–9;

see also
Saqqara, Second Dynasty royal tombs; Sekhemkhet, step pyramid complex of;

Step Pyramid complex; Umm el-Qaab;

Zawiyet el-Aryan, ‘layer pyramid’ royal visits 71, 72, 221–2, 281, 284, 363

Saad, Z.Y. 12–13

Saïs:

as cult centre of Neith 291, 320;

as Predynastic centre 50, 325, 363;

royal visits to 72, 221–2, 320

Sanakht, King 101–3, 248;

and administration 128, 132, 134;

expeditions to the Sinai 166, 167

(see also
Sinai);

names and titles of 202, 208;

seal-impressions of 5, 250, 330

sandals 155, 191 Saqqara:

élite tombs
see
North Saqqara; excavations at 9–16, 25;

Second Dynasty royal tombs 83–5, 88, 142, 230, 240–3,
241
, 243, 250–1, 256, 257;

see also
funerary enclosures; Hemaka;

Sekhemkhet, step pyramid complex of; Step Pyramid complex

Satet (deity) 293–4

scorpion, as cultic object 148, 270, 299

‘Scorpion’, King 56–7, 179, 191;

at Hierakonpolis 39, 51–2, 270, 310;

possible tomb of 23, 56, 235 Scorpion macehead:

and aspects of royal iconography 46, 56, 111, 185, 191, 194;

discovery of 7;

depiction of divine images on 268;

depictions of standards on 197, 199, 290, 294; as evidence for royal ritual 216

secondary products
126
, 129–33

Sed (deity) 281, 294, 298

Sed-festival 76, 199, 210, 212–15, 258, 285;

organisation of 135;

of specific kings 75, 81, 86, 87, 94;

in temple decoration 305, 312, 316;

see also
Step Pyramid complex Seila 104, 254, 277

Sekhemib-perenmaat, King 90–1, 142, 157, 202, 282, 295

Sekhemkasedj (official) 121, 146–7

Sekhemkhet, King 94, 98–9, 166;

and administration 134, 140;

names and titles of 202, 205, 284;

step pyramid complex of 14, 88, 99, 162, 243, 247,
252
–3;

see also
Sinai Sekhen
see
‘Ka’ Semerkhet, King 79–80;

and administration 116, 121, 124;

and foreign relations 158, 159;

names and titles of 202, 203, 207, 208, 284, 292;

and religion 281, 283, 285, 291, 296, 300;

tomb of 77, 79–80, 237;

see also
funerary enclosures Sened, King 88–9, 242

Seshat (deity) 273, 294

Seth (deity) 294–5, 298;

as god of Naqada 37–8, 39, 48, 192;

relationship with other deities 282, 284, 292, 293;

in royal iconography 197, 198, 199;

in royal titulary 82, 89, 202, 203, 207

Sethroë 89, 157

Seyala 177

Shellal 182

Shu (deity) 295

Shunet ez-Zebib 23, 93,
228
, 245–6;

boats adjacent to 25, 160, 257;

functions of 238, 277;

as precursor of Step Pyramid complex 95, 249; seal-impressions from 116, 132, 143, 296

silver 30, 163

Sinai 165–7;

as cult centre of Sopdu 296;

Egyptian aggression against 71, 157, 206;

iconography of Wadi Maghara inscriptions 102, 192, 196, 201, 300;

northern 44, 155;

turquoise mining expeditions to Wadi Maghara 62, 97, 99, 102, 134, 140, 143–4, 163, 172

Sneferka, King 82, 209

Sneferu, King 61, 103;

and foreign relations 160, 180;

names and titles of 201, 208; pyramids of
see
Dahshur; Maidum;

Seila;

see also
Metjen Sobek (deity) 282, 295–6

social stratification 34–5, 44

Sokar (deity) 170, 296

Sokar festival
see
festivals Sopdu (deity) 296–7

standards 197–9,
198
, 299

state formation, factors involved in 44–7, 113 statues
see
divine images;

royal cult

Step Pyramid complex (of Netjerikhet) 95–6,
228
, 247–52;

construction of 98, 113, 236, 242, 253, 311;

excavation and restoration of 9–10, 13–14;

and developments in royal mortuary architecture 17, 23, 93, 231, 238, 246, 259;

functions and symbolism of 256, 277;

galleries beneath the Western Massif and North Court 84, 88, 89, 242;

ink inscriptions from 137,
138
, 291;

Great Court 214;

inscribed stone vessels from 62, 77, 86, 87, 89, 90, 91, 263, 275, 279, 285, 288, 294, 296, 343; relief fragment from 301;

relief panels from 104, 188, 189, 190, 199, 276, 277, 285, 287, 299;

seal-impressions from 92, 101;

Sed-festival court 212, 213, 214–
15
, 249, 303;

see also
Imhotep Sumer 170

Susa 170

Syria, Egyptian contacts with 21, 41, 158;

see also
Amuq;

trade, with the Near East

Ta-Sety 71, 92, 177;

see also
Nubia

Tarkhan 8,
9
, 49, 165, 295–6, 361–2;

élite First Dynasty mastabas at 73, 225, 324;

inscriptions from 54, 57, 58, 69, 293

Taur Ikhbeineh 151

Taurus Mountains 164

taxation 45, 58, 112–13, 125,
126–7
, 220–1

Tel Erani 24, 69, 151–2, 154

Tell Arad 44, 69, 154, 160, 166

Tell Basta
see
Bubastis Tell el-Fara‘in
see
Buto Tell el-Farkha 22, 364

Tell el-Iswid south 22, 164, 340–1 Tell er-Ruba
see
Mendes

Tell Ibrahim Awad 22, 58, 364;

shrine 270, 306, 316–17

(see also
votive offerings) Tell Timai
see
Mendes

Tel Maahaz 152

temple building 222, 272, 304, 305–6

This 290, 326, 354–5;

as home city of First Dynasty 67, 231; as regional capital 40, 352;

and state formation 46, 47–51, 52

Thoth (deity) 198, 264, 297 titles:

administrative 115–16;

courtly 135–9;

religious 148, 272–4;

royal 200–8;

see also
officials

tomb U-j (Abydos) 19,
38
, 40–3, 46, 256;

as evidence for state formation 48, 50, 51;

heqa-sceptre
from 188; labels from
see
writing

trade:

long-distance 43, 162–5;

with the Near East, Early Dynastic 15, 69, 71, 72, 74, 77, 80, 81, 157–62, 364;

with the Near East, Predynastic 21, 35–6, 41–2, 43, 46, 47, 113, 151, 240, 341, 363;

with sub-Saharan Africa 40, 43, 46, 177, 181, 346, 348;

with Nubia 29, 43, 113, 345, 348

treasury, the 117, 125–33,
126
, 221;

see also
officials Tukh 104,
278

Tura 8, 16, 165, 362;

inscriptions from 54, 55, 56, 69, 72

Turin Canon 63, 199;

and the Third Dynasty 94, 95, 96,
98
, 99, 102, 103, 254, 279 turquoise
see
Sinai

‘Two Ladies’ title and names 200, 203–5,
204

Uadji
see
Djet

Umm el-Qaab
4
, 17, 48, 97, 227, 229, 230,
232
, 259;

First Dynasty royal tombs 231–8;

Second Dynasty royal tombs 244–5 unification, political 3, 45, 47–52, 264, 360

uraeus 191–2, 300 urban centres:

definition of 323;

functions of 326–7 urbanism:

evidence for 327–8;

factors influencing 40, 324–6

vizier 14, 113, 137–9

votive offerings 264, 268, 269–72, 283, 298, 299;

from Abydos 5, 40, 189, 270–1, 286, 313, 314–15;

from Badari 315;

from Elephantine 18, 308;

from Hierakonpolis 309–10

(see also
Hierakonpolis ‘Main Deposit'); from Tell Ibrahim Awad 316–17

Wadi Abbad 169, 348 Wadi Abu Kua 169

Wadi Chagab 169

Wadi Dara 171–2

Wadi Digla 36, 360

Wadi Fawakhir 169

Wadi Hammamat 37, 169–71, 313, 350–1

Wadi Hellal 81, 333, 348–9