Empress Dowager Cixi: The Concubine Who Launched Modern China (69 page)

171
daily allocation of food
: Kong Xiangji 1998, p. 110;
seldom drank
: Carl, p. 190; Rongling, p. 19;
‘when Her Majesty awakes’
: Carl, pp. 23–4

172
hot-air balloon
: Li Hongzhang, vol. 35, pp. 502–3

173 ‘
clothes, shoes
’
: Der Ling 2004, p. 26;
‘as if entranced’
: Jin Yi & Shen Yiling, p. 165; Der Ling 2004, p. 128

174 ‘
flower mountain
’
: Gao Shu, p. 176; Carl, p. 40;
collection of gourds
: Rongling, p. 15; Xin Xiuming, p. 3; Carl, p. 115;
cooked food herself
: Der Ling 2004, p. 95;
giant marquees
: Carl, p. 60, Conger, pp. 261–2; Jin Yi & Shen Yiling, pp. 146–7

175 ‘
She had a long
’
: Carl, p. 140;
dog-breeders considered
: Hubbard, p. 220;
against ‘sleeve-dog’
: Carl, pp. 53–5

176 ‘
the liveliest interest
’
: Carl, p. 173;
visiting collection in church
: Yu Bingkun et al., p.172; First Historical Archives of China (ed.) 2005, vol. 2, pp. 920–1;
invented a dice game
: Der Ling 2004, pp. 76–7;
against gambling
: Rongling, p. 32

177
hated foot-binding
: Carl, p. 48; Headland, pp. 88, 233;
watched village performers
: Xin Xiuming, p. 71; Gao Shu, p. 157

178
The Monkey King
: Rongling, p. 9;
tips to performers
: Ding Ruqin, pp. 255–7

179
The Warriors of the Yang Family
: Ding Ruqin, pp. 267–8; Zao Yang; Xin Xiuming, p. 38;
‘The most vicious’
: Forbidden City Publishing (ed.), p. 377

180
Lady Miao scroll
: Yu Bingkun et al., p. 157

Chapter 16 War with Japan (1894)

181
On Japan in 1882
: Li Hongzhang, vol. 10, pp. 74–6, 277; First Historical Archives of China (ed.) 1995, vol. 64, p. 821

182
on Japan in 1884
: Li Hongzhang, vol. 10, pp. 640–1, 684;
‘speedy and satisfactory’
: Li Hongzhang, vol. 11, p. 60;
Hart wrote
: Hart,
Letters,
1868–1907
, vol. 1, p. 592;
Cixi guideline for navy
: Li Hongzhang, vol. 12, p. 531; First Historical Archives of China (ed.) 1995, vol. 65, pp. 33, 45;
stopped buying warships
: Li Hongzhang, vol. 15, p. 335;
‘We have had lakes’
: Hart,
Letters,
1868–1907
, vol. 1, p. 803;
footnote
: Li Hongzhang, vol. 10, pp. 497–8

183
rice imports
: Li Wenzhi (ed.), p. 773;
naval/army purchases discontinued
: Association of Chinese Historians (ed.),
The Sino-Japanese War
, vol. 3, pp. 177–8;
‘is concentrating the resources’
: Li Hongzhang, vol. 35, p. 562;
Japan better equipped
: Li Hongzhang, vol. 15, pp. 423–4; vol. 35, p. 562; Jiang Ming, pp. 328–9;
checking Earl Li accounts
: Li Hongzhang, vol. 13, pp. 74–7, 207–9, 249–50, 351–4, 364–8, 391–2, 420, 546–53; vol. 14,
passim
; vol. 35, p. 587

184 ‘
chooses to believe
’
: Wang Daocheng 1994, no. 4;
glowing report
: Li Hongzhang, vol. 14, pp. 94–6;
‘Our ships are not’
: Li Hongzhang, vol. 35, p. 252;
‘paper tiger’
: Wu (Woo) Yong, p. 107;
navy requests not passed on
: Li Hongzhang, vol. 15, p. 406;
‘seeking to be one-up’
: Li Hongzhang, vol. 35, p. 562;
Li 1894 report
: Li Hongzhang, vol. 15, pp. 333–6

185
Ito made up mind to take on China
: The memoirs of Mutsu Munemitsu,
Kenkenroku
, in Wang Yunsheng, vol. 2, p. 35

186 ‘
calculating with too much
’
: Hart,
Letters,
1868–1907
, vol. 2, p. 976;
‘not just threatening’
: Li Hongzhang, vol. 15, pp. 371–4;
‘within our expectations’
: Li Hongzhang, vol. 15, p. 372;
‘launching a punitive’
: Li Hongzhang, vol. 15, p. 383; Weng Tonghe 2005, vol. 1, pp. 117–18;
‘999 out of’
: Hart,
Letters,
1868–1907
, vol. 2, p. 979;
‘in a really masterful way’
: Hart,
Letters,
1868–1907
, vol. 2, p. 976;
‘her army and navy’
: Hart,
Letters,
1868–1907
, vol. 2, pp. 974–5

187 ‘
Britain cannot allow
’
: Li Hongzhang, vol. 24, p. 168

188
Cixi gave full support
: Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 5, p. 2708;
‘must not do anything’
: Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 5, p. 2708;
reprimanded Councillors
: Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 5, p. 2720;
Cixi out of policy loop
: Weng Tonghe 2005, vol. 2, p. 1108;
‘cowardly and incompetent’
: Li Hongzhang, vol. 15, p. 406;
Zhirui insisted
: Qi Qizhang (ed.), vol. 1, p. 41;
Cixi, Guangxu and Earl Li over Admiral Ting
: Weng Tonghe 2005, vol. 2, p. 1091; Li Hongzhang, vol. 15, pp. 405–7

189
Cixi saw Grand Council
: Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 5, pp. 2730–1;
scheduled to return to Summer Palace
: Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 5, p. 2732;
Li presented detailed reports
: Li Hongzhang, vol. 15, pp. 415–36;
donating three million taels
: Li Hongzhang, vol. 15, p. 424;
sixtieth birthday celebrations cancelled
: Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 5, p. 2732; First Historical Archives of China (ed.), 1996, vol. 20, nos 1011–12

190 ‘
Hold it for now
’
: Weng Tonghe 2005, vol. 2, p. 1096;
‘further fighting’
: Hart,
Letters,
1868–1907
, vol. 2, p. 991;
Cixi trying to persuade Weng
: Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 5, p. 2738; Weng Tonghe 2005, vol. 2, p. 1098

191
Earl Li’s gifts
: Li Hongzhang, vol. 15, p. 452;
‘No presents, please’
: Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 5, p. 2740;
tell officials to present gifts
: ibid.

192
attempting to explain
: First Historical Archives of China (ed.), 1996, vol. 20, no. 1117;
‘Things look bad’
: Hart,
Letters,
1868–1907
, vol. 2, pp. 991–2;
‘we shall probably’
: Hart,
Letters,
1868–1907
, vol. 2, p. 992;
no gifts for seventieth birthday
: First Historical Archives of China (ed.), 1996, vol. 30, no. 370; Zhu Shoupeng (ed.), vol. 5, p. 5071; Hu Sijing, pp. 28–9. For other birthdays: Wu (Woo) Yong, p. 99; Zhu Shoupeng (ed.), vol. 5, pp. 5093, 5575, 5745, etc.

193
Pearl sold posts
: Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 5, p. 2754; Xin Xiuming, p. 24; Kong Xiangji 1998, pp. 89–95; First Historical Archives of China (ed.), 1996, vol. 20, no. 803; also nos 446, 459;
obtained confessions from Pearl
: Kong Xiangji 1998, pp. 84–7

194
Headland recalled
: Headland, pp. 203–4;
26 November decree
: First Historical Archives of China (ed.), 1996, vol. 20, no. 1301;
Guangxu reaction to decree
: Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 5, p. 2754;
Cixi had full access to information
: First Historical Archives of China (ed.), 1996, vol. 20, no. 1304ff.; Weng Tonghe 2005, vol. 2, p. 1108; Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 5, p. 2797

195
Zhirui petitions
: Qi Qizhang (ed.), vol. 1, pp. 41–5;
‘a hen crowing’
: Kong Xiangji & Murata Yujiro 2004, pp. 290–1;
distraught by allegation
: Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 5, pp. 2756, 2764;
‘rest assured’
: to Liu Kunyi, in Association of Chinese Historians (ed.),
The Reforms of
1898
, vol. 4, p. 300

196
Two other friends
: Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 5, p. 2856; Mao Haijian 2005, p. 468; Zhu Shoupeng (ed.), vol. 4, p. 3685;
tried to close Guangxu’s study
: Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 5, pp. 2757–9

Chapter 17 A Peace that Ruined China (1895)

197
Cixi key points, 5 January 1895
: Weng Tonghe 2005, vol. 2, p. 1116;
‘dying swine’
: Kong Xiangji 2001, p. 16;
6 February, told Grand Council
: Weng Tonghe 2005, vol. 2, p. 1125; Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 5, p. 2776

198 ‘
Empress Dowager had outrage
’
: Wang Wenshao, p. 870;
called on troops to fight on
: Zhu Shoupeng (ed.), vol. 4, p. 3539;
Viceroy Zhang
: Zhang Zhidong, vol. 3, pp. 2036, 2047;
Guangxu and Council willing to accept Japanese terms
: Weng Tonghe 2005, vol. 2, pp. 1125–6; Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 5, pp. 2776–7;
‘come and get instructions’
: Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 5, p. 2778

199
Cixi objected to ceding territory
: Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 5, p. 2782; Weng Tonghe 2005, vol. 2, pp. 1134–5;
Guangxu authorised ‘cede territory’
: Li Hongzhang, vol. 16, p. 31; Weng Tonghe 2005, vol. 2, p. 1137;
Councillors wrote to Cixi
: Li Hongzhang, vol. 16, p. 31;
Guangxu tiptoed
: Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 5, p. 2787;
‘each year earns’
: Zhang Zhidong, vol. 3, p. 2041;
8 April, Cixi: ‘Cede no land’
: Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 5, p. 2792;
14 April, Guangxu told Li to sign
: Li Hongzhang, vol. 16, p. 56;
Cixi frequently passed out
: Association of Chinese Historians (ed.),
The Reforms of
1898
, vol. 4, p. 300;
eunuch ‘often spotted’
: Xin Xiuming, p. 16

200
Itō did not dispute figures
: Wang Yunsheng, vol. 2, pp. 260, 268–9;
‘a voice and nothing besides’
: Hart,
Letters,
1868–1907
, vol. 2, p. 1009;
‘if Japan wins’
: Hart,
Letters,
1868–1907
, vol. 2, pp. 992, 1006;
Kaiser Wilhelm II
: the Kaiser’s interview with Dr William Hale, 19 July 1908, in Rohl, Appendix 2

201
Cixi asked Grand Council to reconsider
: Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 5, p. 2798;
Cixi stopped trying to persuade
: ibid.;
‘trembling’
: Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 5, pp. 2799–800;
Guangxu rushed ratification
: Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 5, pp. 2801–2, cf. p. 2791; Weng Tonghe 2005, vol. 2, p. 1062;
‘the safest line’
: Hart,
Letters,
1868–1907
, vol. 2, p. 1017

202 ‘
The Japanese war
’
: Denby, vol. 2, p. 147;
foreign debts
: Jin Pushen, 2000, no. 1; Qi Qizhang, p. 504

203 ‘
there’s no head
’
: Hart,
Letters,
1868–1907
, vol. 2, p. 992;
‘C’est le seul homme’
: Carl, p. 101

Chapter 18 The Scramble for China (1895–8)

204
Cixi continued to receive documents
: Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 5, p. 2889; First Historical Archives of China (ed.), 1996, vols 21–4,
passim
;
marked increase in Guangxu visits
: Mao Haijian, 2010, no. 4; Zhu Shoupeng (ed.), vol. 4, pp. 3637, 3648–9, 3652, 3656, 3662, 3670–726,
passim
;
Viceroy Zhang pointed out
: Zhang Zhidong, vol. 2, pp. 989–90; cf. Sheng Xuanhuai, vol. 1, pp. 472–3, 476, 479;
European powers regarded China
: Denby, vol. 2, pp. 147–8; Morse, vol. 3, p. 101; Hart,
Letters,
1868–1907
, vol. 2, p. 998

205 ‘
When the envoys
’
: Weng Tonghe 2005, vol. 2, p. 1063;
‘blood vessels’
: Wu (Woo) Yong, p. 130;
Guangxu to top officials
: Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 5, p. 2803; Zhu Shoupeng (ed.), vol. 4, pp. 3595–6;
‘forced me to ratify’
: Tsinghua University History Department (ed.), p. 44;
Guangxu berated Li
: Weng Tonghe 2006, vol. 5, p. 2829