Faith Versus Fact : Why Science and Religion Are Incompatible (9780698195516) (49 page)

Polkinghorne, J., and N. Beale. 2009.
Questions of Truth: Fifty-One Responses to Questions About God, Science, and Belief
. Loiusville, KY: Westminster John Knox Press.

Pope, S. J. 2004. “The Evolutionary Roots of Morality in Theological Perspective.” In
The Epic of Evolution: Science and Religion in Dialogue,
edited by J. B. Miller, pp. 189–98. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall.

Popper, K. 1957.
The Open Society and Its Enemies
. 3rd ed. Vol. 2. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.

Poznik, G. D., et al. 2013. “Sequencing Y Chromosomes Resolves Discrepancy in Time to Common Ancestor of Males Versus Females.”
Science
341:562–65.

Price, M. E. 2012. “Group Selection Theories Are Now More Sophisticated, but Are They More Predictive?” (Review of
A Cooperative Species: Human Reciprocity and Its Evolution,
by Samuel Bowles and Herbert Gintis).
Evolutionary Psychology
10:45–49.

Pross, A. 2012.
What Is Life: How Chemistry Becomes Biology
. New York: Oxford University Press.

Ram, A. 2013. “Isro Chief Seeks Divine Help for Mars Mission.”
Times of India,
November 5. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Isro-chief-seeks-divine-help-for-Mars-mission/articleshow/25238936.cms.

Redlawsk, D. P. 2013. “Who I Am, and Who I Am Not.”
New York Times,
August 8. http://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2013/08/15/should-creationism-be-controversial/creation-and-evolution-beliefs-define-who-i-am-and-who-i-am-not.

Rees, T. J. 2009. “Is Personal Insecurity a Cause of Cross-National Differences in the Intensity of Religious Belief?”
Journal of Religion and Society
11:1–24.

Rohde, D. 2003. “Her Legacy: Acceptance and Doubts of a Miracle.”
New York Times,
October
20. http://www.nytimes.com/2003/10/20/world/her-legacy-acceptance-and-doubts-of-a-miracle.html.

Rosenberg, A. 2012.
The Atheist's Guide to Reality: Enjoying Life Without Illusions
. New York: Norton.

Rosenberg, N. A., et al. 2002. “Genetic Structure of Human Populations.”
Science
298:2381–85.

Russell, B. 1928.
Sceptical Essays
. London: George Allen & Unwin.

Sagan, C. 1996.
The Demon-Haunted World: Science as a Candle in the Dark
. New York: Random House.

——
—. 2006.
The Varieties of Scientific Experience: A Personal View of the Search for God
. New York: Penguin Press.

Sarewitz, D. 2012. “Sometimes Science Must Give Way to Religion.”
Nature
488:431.

Scaramanga, J. 2013. “Darwin Inspired Hitler: Lies They Teach in Texas.”
Salon,
October 25. http://www.salon.com/2013/10/25/christian_textbooks_darwin_inspired_hitler/.

Schlitz, M., et al. 2012. “Distant Healing of Surgical Wounds: An Exploratory Study.”
Explore
8:223–30.

Scott, E. C. 1996. “Creationism, Ideology and Science.”
Annals of the New York Academy of Science
775:505–22.

Sheehan, S., K. Harris, and Y. S. Song. 2013. “Estimating Variable Effective Population Sizes from Multiple Genomes: A Sequentially Markov Conditional Sampling Distribution Approach.”
Genetics
194:647–62.

Shelley, P. B. 1915 [1813].
The Necessity of Atheism
. In
Selected Prose Works of Shelley
. London: Watts & Co.

Shermer, M. 2002.
Why People Believe Weird Things: Pseudoscience, Superstition, and Other Confusions of Our Time
. New York: Henry Holt.

——
—. 2012.
The Believing Brain: From Ghosts and Gods to Politics and Conspiracies; How We Construct Beliefs and Reinforce Them as Truths
. New York: St. Martin's Griffin.

——
—. 2013. “Science and Pseudoscience: The Difference in Practice and the Difference It Makes.” In
Philosophy of Pseudoscience: Reconsidering the Demarcation Problem,
edited by M. Pigliucci and M. Boudry, pp. 203–23. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Siegel, E. 2013. “How Many Planets Are in the Universe?”
Starts with a Bang
. http://scienceblogs.com/startswithabang/2013/01/05/how-many-planets-are-in-the-universe/.

Singer, P. 1981.
The Expanding Circle: Ethics and Sociobiology
. New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux.

Small, J. 2011. “The Common Ground Between Science and Religion.”
Huffington Post,
August 30. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/jeffrey-small/the-battle-between-science-and-religion_b_938045.html.

Smith, T. 2012. “Beliefs About God Across Time and Countries.” NORC/University of Chicago. www.norc.org/PDFs/Beliefs_about_God_Report.pdf.

Sniegowski, P. D. 1995. “The Origin of Adaptive Mutants: Random or Nonrandom?”
Journal of Molecular Evolution
40:94–101.

Solt, F., P. Habel, and J. T. Grant. 2011. “Economic Inequality, Relative Power and Religiosity.”
Social Science Quarterly
92:447–65.

Spufford, F. 2012. “Dear Atheists . . .”
New Humanist
127:34–36.

Stark, R. 2001.
One True God: Historical Consequences of Monotheism
. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

——
—. 2005.
The Victory of Reason: How Christianity Led to Freedom, Capitalism, and Western Success
. New York: Random House.

Stauth, C. 2013.
In the Name of God: The True Story of the Fight to Save Children from Faith-Healing Homicide
. New York: St. Martin's Press.

Stenger, V. 2007.
God: The Failed Hypothesis; How Science Shows That God Does Not Exist
. Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books.

Stenmark, M. 2012. “How to Relate Christian Faith and Science.” In
The Blackwell Companion to Science and Christianity,
edited by J. B. Stump and A. G. Padgett, pp. 63–73. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.

Sullivan, A. 2011. “Must the Story of the Fall Be True?”
The Dish
. http://dish.andrewsullivan.com/2011/10/05/must-the-story-of-the-fall-be-true/.

Swan, R., and D. Swan. 1988. “Christian Science Parents Charged with Negligent Homicide in Arizona.” Children's Healthcare Is a Legal Duty, Inc., newsletter, Summer.

Swinburne, R. 2004.
The Existence of God
. 2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

——
—. 2012. “Arguments to God from the Observable Universe.” In
The Blackwell Companion to Science and Christianity,
edited by J. B. Stump and A. G. Padgett, pp. 119–29. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.

Tavris, C., and E. Aronson. 2007.
Mistakes Were Made (But Not by
Me
)
. Orlando: Harcourt.

Thompson, J. J. 1976. “Killing, Letting Die, and the Trolley Problem.”
Monist
59:204–17.

Trivers, R. 2011.
The Folly of Fools: The Logic of Deceit and Self-Deception in Human Life
. New York: Basic Books.

Tunggal, S. 2013. “Collaboration, Big Data, and the Search for the Higgs Boson.” Transcript of talk by Andrzej Nowak, CERN openlab. http://www.slideshare.net/sumatunggal/collaboration-big-data-and-the-search-for-the-higgs-boson.

United States Catholic Conference. 1994.
Catechism of the Catholic Church
. http://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/_INDEX.HTM.

van Biema, D. 1998. “Faith or Healing?”
Time,
August 31, pp. 68–69.

Voltaire and F.-M. Arouet. 1763.
The Works of M. de Voltaire. Translated from the French with Notes, Historical and Critical.
Vol. 26. London: Newbery, Baldwin, Johnson, Crowder Davies, Coote, Kearsley, and Collins.

Wallace, A. R. 1870.
The Limits of Natural Selection as Applied to Man. Contributions to the Theory of Natural Selection. A Series of Essays
. London and New York: Macmillan & Co.

Weaver, M. 2014. “Archbishop of Canterbury Admits Doubts About Existence of God.”
Guardian,
September 18. http://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2014/sep/18/archbishop-canterbury-doubt-god-existence-welby.

Weinberg, S. 1999. “A Designer Universe.”
New York Review of Books
46:46–48.

Whitaker, B. 2007. “Is There a Doctor in the Mosque?”
Guardian,
“Comment Is Free,” May 11. http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2007/may/11/doctorinthemosque.

White, A. D. 1932 [1896].
A History of the Warfare of Science with Theology in Christendom.
2 vols. New York: D. Appleton & Co.

White, J. 2012. “Jesus Wept: A Skeptic Faces Possible Charges for Debunking Mumbai's
Miracle Statue.”
Slate,
July 7. http://www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/new_scientist/2012/07/a_statue_of_jesus_oozing_holy_water_an_indian_skeptic_debunks_miracle.html.

Whitehead, A. N. 1925.
Science and the Modern World
. New York: Macmillan.

Whiting, B. 1989a. “Parents Draw Probation in Girl's Death.”
Arizona Republic,
September 27, pp. A1, A6.

——
—. 1989b. “Plea Deal Lets Pair Avoid Felony.”
Arizona Republic,
September 2, pp. B1, B5.

Wieland, C. 2000. “But the Bible's Not a Science Textbook, Is It?” Creation.com. http://creation.com/but-the-bibles-not-a-science-textbook-is-it.

Wieseltier, L. 2013. “Crimes Against Humanities: Now Science Wants to Invade the Liberal Arts. Don't Let It Happen.”
New Republic,
September 3. http://www.newrepublic.com/article/114548/leon-wieseltier-responds-steven-pinkers-scientism.

Wigner, E. 1960. “The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Mathematics in the Natural Sciences.”
Communications in Pure and Applied Mathematics
13:1–14.

Wilson, E. O. 1975.
Sociobiology: The New Synthesis
. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

——
—. 1998.
Consilience: The Unity of Knowledge
. New York: Knopf.

Zuckerman, P. 2010.
Society Without God: What the Least Religious Nations Can Tell Us About Contentment
. New York: New York University Press.

The page numbers in this index refer to the printed version of this book. To find the corresponding locations in the text of this digital version, please use the “search” function on your e-reader. Note that not all terms may be searchable.

abortion, 242

abstinence-based education, 242

accommodationism, xv, 97–112

blaming religious harm on social problems, 53

and declining religious affiliation, 11, 16–17

Eastern faiths and, 75, 105–6

as harmful to science, 226–28

logical and mental compatibility arguments for, 99–100

NOMA argument, xviii, 4, 64–65, 106–12, 196, 226

overviews, xviii–xix, 95–96, 97–98

political reasons for, 98, 138

psychological reasons for, 97–98, 138

religion's privileged position, xviii, 10

“science doesn't deal with the supernatural” argument, 112–20

scientists as promoters of, 6–9, 18–20, 93–94, 99–100

syncretic arguments for, 100–106

Templeton Foundation's influence, 8, 14, 17–20

See also
natural theology; theistic evolution; ways of knowing

Adam and Eve's historicity, 124–31

belief in, 55–58, 109, 124, 126

disproof of, 126–28

religious reactions to disproof of, 76–77, 128–31

Adam's Ancestors
(Livingstone), 56

adaptation(s), 77–78, 139, 140, 141–42

convergences, 142–44, 171–72

Adelson, Ted, 180

adoption, 175–76

African Americans

Black Muslim beliefs, 84

in Mormon priesthood, 71

afterlife, 22, 52–53, 80–81, 219, 220

Templeton Foundation's “Immortality Project,” 19

See also
hell; paradise

agnosticism, 9, 12, 16, 98

See also
nonbelievers

AIDS, 217

alchemy, 214

Alexander, Denis, 129–30

alternative medicine, 236, 238–39, 250–51

See also
homeopathy

altruism, 168, 169, 172–77

American Association for the Advancement of Science, 7, 8–9, 19

American Bible Challenge, The
(television show), 20

Amorth, Gabriele, 237–38

angels, literal belief in, 53, 58

Angier, Natalie, 26, 64

animal behavior, 171–72, 175–76, 184–85

anthropic principle (fine-tuning argument), xix, 21, 156, 159, 160–66, 227

apologetics, 66–67, 75, 77–81, 88–89, 153

apostasy, 11, 62, 85, 119–20, 251–52

Aquinas, 55, 57–58, 215

archaeology, 32, 39

Armstrong, Karen, 49

art history, 39–40

arts and humanities, xxi, 185–86, 190–94, 258, 261

science's relationship with, 198, 199–200, 201

Aslan, Reza, 43, 44, 55

Asser, Seth, 232

assisted dying, 243–45

atheism

atheists as accommodationists, 98

as crime, 252

in modern Europe, 254, 261

among modern philosophers, 110

New Atheism, xii–xiii, 14, 20–21

public professions of, 98, 99–100

among scientists, xviii, 12–14, 95, 99–100, 216

See also
nonbelievers

atheist churches, 261

Atkins, Peter, 72

atomic weapons, 111, 152, 217, 218

Augustine, Saint, 55, 57, 58, 126

Aus, Mike, 128, 151

Australian animals, 142, 143, 149

authoritarianism, 220–21

authority

faith and, 25, 66, 68, 69–72, 186, 209

science and, 65, 70, 72, 205, 208–9

See also
scriptural literalism

Ayala, Francisco, 18, 75, 78, 148

Baggini, Julian, 51–52, 59, 62, 198–99

Barbour, Ian, 46, 135–36

Barker, Dan, 209

Beale, Nicholas, 79

beavers, 141

belief.
See
faith; religiosity; scriptural literalism

“belief in belief” argument, 98, 237, 253–54

Benedict XVI, Pope, 71, 75

Berlinski, David, xiv

Bernstein, Andrew, 58, 214–15

Besra, Monica, 117

Better Angels of Our Nature,
The
(Pinker), 170

Bible

historicity of biblical events, 44–45, 90–91

immorality in, 189

scientific test in First Book of the Kings, 39

See also
biblical literalism; biblical scholarship;
specific Bible stories and claims

biblical literalism, xiii, 49–53

cherry-picking, 74–77, 129–30

“scripture is not a textbook” argument, 54–57, 74–75

vs. metaphorical/allegorical interpretations, 44, 54–59, 74–75, 129–30

theologians' waffling about, 55–57, 62–63

See also
Adam and Eve's historicity; creationism; scriptural literalism;
other biblical stories and claims

biblical scholarship, 40, 90, 123–24, 199, 257–58

Big Bang, 28, 32, 146, 245

Biola University, 20

BioLogos Foundation, 8, 19, 46

Black Muslim beliefs, 84

Blank Slate,
The
(Pinker), 169, 172

blasphemy, 70

blood transfusions, 232

Bloom, Paul, 172

blue tits, 184–85

Bonhoeffer, Dietrich, 155

Book of Mormon, 62, 82, 121

books, banned by Catholic Church, 87, 215–16

Boudry, Maarten, 114

Boyer, Pascal, xxii, 182

Boyle, Robert, 99, 214

brain development and complexity.
See
consciousness; intelligence; reason

brain science.
See
neuroscience; psychology

Breaking the Spell
(Dennett), 21

Briggs, Russ, 262–63

British Centre for Science Education, 98

Brown, Donald, 169

Bruce and Stan's Pocket Guide to Talking with God
(Bickel and Jantz), 49

Bruno, Giordano, 215, 217

Bryan, William Jennings, 2

Buddhism, xvi, 22

Dalai Lama's accommodationism, 105–6

Bush, George W., 240

Caesar, Julius, 121

Calvin, John, 58, 178

Cambridge University's Faraday Institute for Science and Religion, 19, 129

capuchin monkeys, 171

Carrier, Richard, 214

Carroll, Sean, 165, 188

Catholicism and Catholic Church

adherence to monogenism and the historicity of Adam and Eve, 55–56, 126, 128–29

antipathy for reason and curiosity, 68–69

believers' rejections of church positions, 43

evidence standard for miracles, 116–17

exorcism, 237–38

on impossibility of faith/science conflict, 9–10

Index Librorum Prohibitorum
, 87, 215–16

moral code of, 22

National Catholic Almanac
on God's attributes, 48

Nicene Creed, 49–51, 70–71

position on euthanasia, 244–45

position on evolution, 43, 61, 132, 133, 136–37

position on mandatory HPV vaccination, 242

sources and purposes of Catholic dogma, 70–71

suppression of scientific inquiry, 2, 3, 5, 215–16, 217

transubstantiation, 61, 84

Vatican observatory, 69, 250

Vatican's authority, 70

certainty, 30, 37–38, 80, 195, 219–20

See also
doubt; faith

checker-shadow illusion, 180

chemistry, alchemy vs., 214

cherry-picking, 74–77, 129–30

child abuse and neglect, religious legal exemptions for, 231, 234–35

childbirth, medical neglect and, 232–33, 236, 262–63

children, medical neglect and, 229–34, 236, 237, 262–63

chimpanzees, 171, 185

China, ancient, science in, 212, 214, 215

Christian fundamentalism, 14, 88, 110

Christianity, xvi

fundamental claims of, 44–45, 54

seen as progenitor of science, 211–17

See also
Bible; Catholicism; faith; heresy; religion
entries
;
specific Christian beliefs, claims, and tenets

Christian Science, 22, 83, 108, 229–32, 234, 237

Clarke, Arthur C., 119

Clergy Letter Project, 8

climate change denial, xix–xx, 245–50, 251

Clinton, Bill, 240

cognition, human.
See
consciousness; intelligence; learning; reason

cognitive dissonance, 97, 123

Cohen, Nick, 218

Collins, Francis, 8, 99–100

on acceptance of physical laws as form of faith, 204–5

on “god of the gaps” arguments, 155–56

on morality as evidence for God, 168, 226

on religion as another way of knowing, 185

on religious claims as truth claims, 46

on theistic evolution, 78

Conan Doyle, Arthur, 223

confirmation bias, 29, 116, 123–24, 180, 238

See also
counterevidence

Confucianism, 65

consciousness, 15, 156, 158

See also
intelligence

consequentialism, 189–90

Consolmagno, Guy, 250, 259

Constantine I, emperor of Rome, 70

consubstantiation, 84

continental drift, 223, 224

convergences, 142–44, 171–72

Conway Morris, Simon, 100, 142–43

Cornell, Ezra, 3

Cornell University, 3

Cornwall Alliance for the Stewardship of Creation, 248–49

cosmology, 32–33, 37, 162, 163

See also
Big Bang; universe

counterevidence, dismissal of, 10, 72–74

apologetics and rationalization, 66–67, 75, 77–81, 88–89, 153, 157

cherry-picking, 74–77, 129–30

global-warming denialism and, 246–47, 250

interpreting scripture as metaphor, 44, 54–59, 74–75, 129–30

making theological virtues of scientific explanations, 66–67, 77–78

and willingness to abandon faith, xiv–xv, 119–20

See also
confirmation bias; falsifiability

counterevidence, in science.
See
doubt; falsifiability

Cowdery, Oliver, 121

Craig, William Lane, 73, 165–66

creationism

before Dawin, 92, 154

extent of belief in, xviii, 8–9, 59–60, 110

faith as explanation for, xiv, 60–61

and NOMA argument, 108, 109–10

as nonnegotiable belief, 61, 125

public education and, 2, 5, 7, 14–15

recent upsurge in, 14–15

scientific creationism, 14, 103–4

as testable claim, 107

See also
biblical literalism; evolution; intelligent design; theistic evolution

Crick, Francis, 216

criticality

faith and, 82–86, 121

in science, 26–27, 29, 34–35, 94

See also
doubt

crows, 184

cuckoo birds, 176

culture.
See
learning; social
entries

Dalai Lama, 105–6

D'Aleo, Joseph, 249

Darrow, Clarence, 2

Darwin, Charles, 81, 92, 118, 132, 154, 166–67

On the Origin of Species
, 2, 14, 33, 70, 154

Darwin, Emma, 81

Darwinism
(Wallace), 183

Davies, Paul, 205, 212

Dawkins, Richard, xii, 21, 103, 208, 209–10

Dawson, Charles, 223

Day, Tracy, 20

death, assisted, 243–45

Death of Ivan Ilyich, The
(Tolstoy), 191–92

deism, 42, 99, 135

Dembski, William, 54

Demon-Haunted World, The
(Sagan), 203

Dennett, Daniel, xxii, 21, 98, 201

Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex, The
(Darwin), 166–67

determinism, 15–16

Deus absconditus
, 79–80

disease and healing

faith as solace for the terminally ill, 252–53

faith healing and medical neglect, xviii, xix, 83, 108, 229–39, 262–63

imputation of epidemics to God, 242–43

miracle healings, 116–17

religious suppression of science and, 217

science's advances and effectiveness, 206–7

testing the efficacy of prayer, 115–16

See also
medicine

disproof.
See
counterevidence; falsifiability

DNA and DNA structure, 28, 29, 31, 32, 33, 36, 37

Watson's and Crick's motivations for their work, 216

See also
genetics

dogma, 1–2, 3–4, 25, 43, 66, 70–71

See also
religious claims

doubt

faith and, 38, 66, 68

science and, 26–27, 34–35, 38, 65, 94

See also
certainty; uncertainty

Doubting Thomas, 68

Draper, John William, 3–4

Earth

age and origins of, 37, 146, 154, 245

global-warming denialism, xix–xx, 245–50, 251

inhospitability to humans, 164–65

Ebola virus, 243

Ecklund, Elaine, 100, 103

ecological niches, 141–42

economics, 40, 186, 187, 188, 199

Edamaruku, Sanal, 122

education

abstinence-based, and sexually transmitted diseases, 242

debates over the teaching of science, 2, 3–4, 5, 7, 11–12, 98, 103–4, 110, 134

religiosity and, 12–13

religious education, Templeton Foundation's funding of, 20

Ehrman, Bart, 62

Einstein, Albert, 101, 102, 209, 218, 256–57

See also
relativity theory

emotion(s)

the arts and, 190–91, 193–94

faith and, xv, 24, 44, 61–62

nonbelief and, xxi, 102–3

as subjective, 193–94, 195

empathy, 169, 170, 171, 175, 191–92

See also
altruism

End of Faith, The
(Harris), 21