Flight of the Eagle: The Grand Strategies That Brought America From Colonial Dependence to World Leadership (140 page)
Authors: Conrad Black
BOOK: Flight of the Eagle: The Grand Strategies That Brought America From Colonial Dependence to World Leadership
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41
Harvey, op.
cit.,
p. 334.
cit.,
p. 334.
42
Harvey, op.
cit.,
p. 346.
cit.,
p. 346.
43
Harvey,
op. cit
., p. 391.
op. cit
., p. 391.
44
Harvey,
op. cit
., p. 434.
op. cit
., p. 434.
45
Harvey,
op. cit
., p. 438.
op. cit
., p. 438.
46
Harvey,
op. cit
., p. 444.
op. cit
., p. 444.
47
Jeffrey St. John,
Constitutional journal: A Correspondent’s Report from the Convention of 1787
, Ottawa, Illinois, Jameson Books, 1987.
Constitutional journal: A Correspondent’s Report from the Convention of 1787
, Ottawa, Illinois, Jameson Books, 1987.
48
Burns and Dunn,
op. cit
., p. 45.
op. cit
., p. 45.
49
Disclosure requires reference to the author’s legal travails as the actual basis of this reflection; they are fully described in my previous book,
A Matter of Principle,
and summarized in the last footnote of Chapter 16.
A Matter of Principle,
and summarized in the last footnote of Chapter 16.
50
Ron Chernow,
Washington:
A Life, New York, Penguin, 2010, p. 554.
Washington:
A Life, New York, Penguin, 2010, p. 554.
51
Walter Isaacson,
Benjamin Franklin: An American Life,
New York, Simon and Schuster, 2003, p. 470.
Benjamin Franklin: An American Life,
New York, Simon and Schuster, 2003, p. 470.
52
Gordon S. Wood,
Empire of Liberty: A History of the Early Republic, 1789–1815,
Oxford and New York, Oxford University Press, 2009, p. 100.
Empire of Liberty: A History of the Early Republic, 1789–1815,
Oxford and New York, Oxford University Press, 2009, p. 100.
53
Wood,
op. cit
., p. 157.
op. cit
., p. 157.
54
Ibid. p. 158.
55
Ibid. p. 162.
56
Daniel Ruddy,
Theodore Roosevelt’s History of the United States in His Own Words,
New York, Harper Collins, 2010, p. 1.
Theodore Roosevelt’s History of the United States in His Own Words,
New York, Harper Collins, 2010, p. 1.
57
Wood,
op. cit
., p. 234.
op. cit
., p. 234.
58
Wood,
op. cit
., p. 208.
op. cit
., p. 208.
59
Wood,
op. cit
., p. 240.
op. cit
., p. 240.
60
Wood,
op. cit
., p. 267.
op. cit
., p. 267.
61
Wood,
op. cit
., p. 265.
op. cit
., p. 265.
62
Wood,
op. cit
., p. 285.
op. cit
., p. 285.
63
By the time Jefferson was inaugurated, Poland had been carved up entirely by the Russian, Prussian, and Austrian Empires and had no king.
64
Pope Pius VII said, as the Barbary pirates regularly seized hostages and held them for ransom, that “the United States had done more for the cause of Christianity than the most powerful nations of Christendom have done for ages.” (Christopher Hitchens, “Jefferson Versus the Muslim Pirates,”
City journal,
Spring 2007.)
City journal,
Spring 2007.)
65
Ruddy,
op. cit
., p. 89.
op. cit
., p. 89.
66
Talleyrand had concluded that Napoleon was mad and he had retired and made his peace with the Bourbons.
67
Gordon S. Wood,
Empire of Liberty: A History of the Early Republic 1789–1815,
Oxford and New York, Oxford University Press, 2009, p. 660.
Empire of Liberty: A History of the Early Republic 1789–1815,
Oxford and New York, Oxford University Press, 2009, p. 660.
68
Wood,
op. cit
., p. 695.
op. cit
., p. 695.
69
Daniel Walker Howe,
What Hath God Wrought: The Transformation of America, 1815–1848,
Oxford and New York, Oxford University Press, 2007, p. 71.
What Hath God Wrought: The Transformation of America, 1815–1848,
Oxford and New York, Oxford University Press, 2007, p. 71.
70
Wood,
op. cit
., p. 737.
op. cit
., p. 737.
71
Ibid.
72
Wood,
op. cit
., p. 738.
op. cit
., p. 738.
73
Jasper Riley,
Lord Palmerston
, London, Constable, 1970, p. 263.
Lord Palmerston
, London, Constable, 1970, p. 263.
74
Richard B. Morris,
Encyclopedia of American History
, Sixth Edition, New York, Harper and Row, 1932, p. 209.
Encyclopedia of American History
, Sixth Edition, New York, Harper and Row, 1932, p. 209.
75
Howe,
op. cit
., p. 406.
op. cit
., p. 406.
76
Howe,
op. cit
., p. 79.
op. cit
., p. 79.
77
It was the constant mournful tolling over Marshall’s death that caused Philadelphia’s Liberty Bell famously to crack irreparably.
78
Robert V. Remini,
Henry Clay: Statesman for the Union,
New York, Norton, 1991, p. 609.
Henry Clay: Statesman for the Union,
New York, Norton, 1991, p. 609.
79
Ibid. p. 610. (The raccoon was the symbol of the Whig Party, as the elephant and the donkey are today of the Republicans and the Democrats.)
80
This was a step Jackson had feared to take when he had the chance in his two terms, and was somewhat emulated by Dwight D. Eisenhower 125 years later, when he dodged Indochina completely but became a war hawk as an ex-president.
81
Richard B. Morris,
Encyclopedia of American History,
Sixth Edition, New York, Harper and Row, 1982, p. 241.
Encyclopedia of American History,
Sixth Edition, New York, Harper and Row, 1982, p. 241.
82
In Lincoln’s notes for speeches for September 1859, there appears: “Negro Equality! Fudge!! How long in the government of a God, great enough to make and maintain this Universe, shall there continue knaves to vend and fools to gulp, so low a piece of demagoguism as this?”
The Collected Works of Abraham, Lincoln,
New Brunswick, New Jersey, Rutgers University Press, 1953, vol. 3, p. 399.
The Collected Works of Abraham, Lincoln,
New Brunswick, New Jersey, Rutgers University Press, 1953, vol. 3, p. 399.
83
The Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln, op. cit.,
p. 454.
p. 454.
84
John Russell Grant,
Around the World with General Grant,
New York, Subscription Book Department, The American News Company, vol. 1, pp. 416–417.
Around the World with General Grant,
New York, Subscription Book Department, The American News Company, vol. 1, pp. 416–417.
85
Doris Kearns Goodwin,
Team of Rivals: The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln,
New York, Simon and Schuster, 2005, p. 237.
Team of Rivals: The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln,
New York, Simon and Schuster, 2005, p. 237.
86
Goodwin,
op. cit.,
p. 533.
op. cit.,
p. 533.
87
Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln,
New Brunswick, New Jersey, Rutgers University Press, 1953, vol. 6, pp. 319–320.
New Brunswick, New Jersey, Rutgers University Press, 1953, vol. 6, pp. 319–320.
88
U.S. Grant,
Personal Memoirs of U.S. Grant,
New York, Charles L. Webster, 1885, p. 624.
Personal Memoirs of U.S. Grant,
New York, Charles L. Webster, 1885, p. 624.
89
Ibid. p. 630.
90
Goodwin,
op. cit.,
p. 719.
op. cit.,
p. 719.
91
Ibid.
92
Tammany Hall was the headquarters of the New York City Democratic political machine into the second half of the twentieth century. Aaron Burr was one of the founders. It was traditionally an Irish American organization, but grew large Italian and Jewish branches also.
93
Cleveland would prove a durable presidential figure, as would a succession of those who followed him. In the 31 presidential elections from 1884 to 2004, a candidate bearing the name Cleveland, Bryan, Roosevelt, Nixon, Dole, or Bush would win electoral votes to national office in 27 of them and be elected in 17 of them, on 12 occasions as president.
94
Daniel Ruddy,
Theodore Roosevelt’s History of the United States,
New York, Harper Collins, 2010, p. 218.
Theodore Roosevelt’s History of the United States,
New York, Harper Collins, 2010, p. 218.
95
This was the Interoceanic Canal Company (later the New Panama Canal Company) founded by the French in 1876, after the success with the Suez Canal, completed in 1869. It excavated about a quarter of the canal length, and had very valuable maps and surveys, but had not been a financial success.
96
The prime minister of Israel in the late seventies, Menachem Begin, at a high-level Israeli-Mexican meeting in the 1980s, joked that Israel had the opposite problem: “So close to God and so far from the United States.”
97
Conrad Black,
Franklin Delano Roosevelt: Champion of Freedom,
New York, PublicAffairs, 2003, p. 80.
Franklin Delano Roosevelt: Champion of Freedom,
New York, PublicAffairs, 2003, p. 80.
98
Black, op.
cit.,
pp. 77–80.
cit.,
pp. 77–80.
99
This was the beginning of the Democratic practice of nominating a northern liberal for president and a southerner (usually somewhat conservative and segregationist) for vice president, which made for some incoherence in ticket-balancing, and continued for more than 30 years.
100
Franklin D. Roosevelt, letter to Margaret Suckley, September 26, 1938, author’s collection.
101
Franklin D. Roosevelt, letter to Margaret Suckley, March 8, 1936, author’s collection.
102
Franklin D. Roosevelt, letter to Margaret Suckley November 24, 1936, author’s collection.
103
Martin Gilbert, editor,
Winston S. Churchill: Companion Volume V
, Part 3,
The Coming of War 1936–1939
, London, Heinemann, 1982, pp. 1117, 1155.
Winston S. Churchill: Companion Volume V
, Part 3,
The Coming of War 1936–1939
, London, Heinemann, 1982, pp. 1117, 1155.
104
As was referred to in Chapter 2, the theory has arisen that Hitler deliberately withheld pressure on the Dunkirk perimeter to make it less humbling for Britain to accept subsequent peace terms. There is no evidence to support this, and if all available German armor had been committed to the assault, it is not clear that it would have much hastened the fall of the beachhead against the total effort of the Royal Navy and Air Force, which would certainly have been more than a match for German mechanized forces, especially if heavy units of the Royal Navy had been deployed for close-up shore bombardment.
105
Conrad Black,
Franklin Delano Roosevelt: Champion of Freedom,
New York, PublicAffairs, 2003, p. 616.
Franklin Delano Roosevelt: Champion of Freedom,
New York, PublicAffairs, 2003, p. 616.
106
Black, op. cit., p. 321.
107
August 9, 1941, author’s collection.
108
Black,
op. cit
., p. 679.
op. cit
., p. 679.
109
Charles de Gaulle,
War Memoirs
, New York, Simon and Schuster, 1955, p. 88.
War Memoirs
, New York, Simon and Schuster, 1955, p. 88.
110
Conrad Black,
Franklin Delano Roosevelt: Champion of Freedom
, New York, PublicAffairs, 2003, p. 826.
Franklin Delano Roosevelt: Champion of Freedom
, New York, PublicAffairs, 2003, p. 826.
111
Ibid. p. 855.
112
Black,
op. cit
., p. 831.
op. cit
., p. 831.
113
Black,
op. cit
., p. 833.
op. cit
., p. 833.
114
Henry L. Stimson and McGeorge Bundy,
On Active Service in Peace and War,
New York, Harper, 1947, pp. 431–438.
On Active Service in Peace and War,
New York, Harper, 1947, pp. 431–438.
115
Keith Eubank,
Summit at Tehran
, New York, Morrow, 1985, p. 144.
Summit at Tehran
, New York, Morrow, 1985, p. 144.
116
Black,
op. cit
., p. 854.
op. cit
., p. 854.
117
Black,
op. cit
., pp. 832, 859.
op. cit
., pp. 832, 859.
118
Black,
op. cit
., p. 864.
op. cit
., p. 864.
119
Black,
op. cit
., p. 866.
op. cit
., p. 866.
120
Black,
op. cit
., p. 870; Sir Alexander Cadogan,
Diaries,
New York, Putnam, 1972, p. 582; Lord Alanbrooke,
War Diaries: 1939–1945,
London, Weidenfeld and Nicholson, 2001, pp. 483–485.
op. cit
., p. 870; Sir Alexander Cadogan,
Diaries,
New York, Putnam, 1972, p. 582; Lord Alanbrooke,
War Diaries: 1939–1945,
London, Weidenfeld and Nicholson, 2001, pp. 483–485.
121
Black,
op. cit
., p. 865.
op. cit
., p. 865.
122
George E Kennan,
Memoirs 1925–1950,
Boston, Little Brown, 1967, pp. 170–171.
Memoirs 1925–1950,
Boston, Little Brown, 1967, pp. 170–171.
123
Black,
op. cit
., p. 941.
op. cit
., p. 941.
124
The Public Papers and Addresses of Franklin D. Roosevelt
1944–1945 Volume,
Victory and the Threshold of Peace
, New York, Harper, 1950, p. 153.
1944–1945 Volume,
Victory and the Threshold of Peace
, New York, Harper, 1950, p. 153.
125
Black,
op. cit
., p. 954.
op. cit
., p. 954.
126
Black,
op. cit
., p. 703.
op. cit
., p. 703.
127
Black,
op. cit
., p. 1004.
op. cit
., p. 1004.
128
Ted Morgan,
FDR: A Biography
, New York, Simon and Schuster, 1985, p. 735.
FDR: A Biography
, New York, Simon and Schuster, 1985, p. 735.
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