Flight of the Eagle: The Grand Strategies That Brought America From Colonial Dependence to World Leadership (139 page)
Authors: Conrad Black
BOOK: Flight of the Eagle: The Grand Strategies That Brought America From Colonial Dependence to World Leadership
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War on Drugs
War on Poverty
War on Terror
War Powers Resolution (Act)
Warren, Earl
Warren, John Borlase (Admiral)
Warsaw Pact
Washburn, Elihu
Washington, Booker T.
Washington, George; and Adams presidency; on Alien and Sedition Acts; character of; and Cincinnatus; as commander; and Constitutional Convention; death of; esteem for; farewell address; and Federalist dispute; in French-Indian Wars; on French Revolution; and Genet affair; on “indissoluble union,” and Jefferson’s critique; at Jumonville massacre; on national greatness; on neutrality; New York retreat; Philadelphia defense; as politician; as president; on professional armies; on religious tolerance; retirement of; and slavery; on Stamp Act; and Talleyrand; on thrift; on Townshend taxes
Washington Naval Conference; Treaty
Washington Post
Watergate; and criminalizing policy; and plea-bargain system; Woodward on
Watteau, Louis
Weaver, James B.
Webster, Daniel; vs. Calhoun; as “Godlike Daniel,” on Habsburg Empire (to Hül-semann); as presidential candidate; as secretary of state; on slavery; and Whig Party
Webster-Ashburton Treaty
Weed, Thurlow
Welles, Sumner
Wellington, Sir Arthur Wellesley, Duke of
West, Benjamin
West Indies; in American Revolution; British power in; and France; and Hamilton; in Seven Years’ War; trade access in
Westmoreland, William
Weyand, Frederick
Weyler, Valeriano (Butcher)
Wheeler, Burton K.
Wheeler, William A.
Whig Party; anti-slavery dissembling; and Clay; and Constitutional Union Party; and Harrison; and Republican Party; vanishing of
Whiskey Rebellion
White, Hugh L.
Whitman, Ann
Wickersham, George
Wilhelm II, Emperor; on Morocco; and World War I
Wilhelmina, Queen
Wilkinson, James
Willentz, Sean
Willkie, Wendell
Wilmot, David
Wilson, Charles
Wilson, Edith
Wilson, Harold
Wilson, Henry
Wilson, Hugh
Wilson, James
Wilson, Thomas Woodrow; army expansion; banking reform; and Chamberlain; on Constitution; Fourteen Points; and Hoover; idealism of; inflexibility of; intellect of; and League of Nations; and Mexican turmoil; on neutrality; as New Jersey governor; as orator; and Panama Canal; and Paris Peace Conference; peace platform; public rejection of; racial attitudes of; reelection; stroke disablement; and World War I
Wilson, William
Winant, John G.
Winder, William
Wingate, Orde
Wolcott, Oliver
Wolfe, James
Wolsey, Thomas Cardinal
women’s enfranchisement
Wood, Leonard
Woodbury, Levi
Woodring, Harry
Woodward, Bob
World Trade Center
World War I; antecedents of; armistice; blockade; casualties of; conscription for; Declaration of London; influenza pandemic;
Lusitania
sinking; and Mexico; National Defense Act (1916); Paris Peace Conference; and Preparedness Movement; reparations demands; scars of; Schlieffen Plan; submarine warfare; U.S. entry into; Verdun; Wilson peace efforts
Lusitania
sinking; and Mexico; National Defense Act (1916); Paris Peace Conference; and Preparedness Movement; reparations demands; scars of; Schlieffen Plan; submarine warfare; U.S. entry into; Verdun; Wilson peace efforts
World War II; Anvil; in Ardennes; Atlantic Charter; and atom bomb; and Australia; Balkans division; Battle of Britain; blitzkrieg; Cairo Conference; Casablanca Conference; casualties of; and Czechoslovakia (Sudetenland); D-Day; decryption; Dunkirk evacuation; France’s fall; Free French movement; and Geneva Convention; Guadalcanal; and Hawaiian Islands; Hitler’s war declaration; in Italy; Iwo Jima; and Japan; Japanese surrender; Kursk; Lend-Lease; Leningrad; Manhattan Project; Midway; Munich Agreement; Normandy landing; in North Africa; Okinawa; Operation Barbarossa; Overlord plan; and Russia; and Pacific Fleet; Paris Peace Conference; Pearl Harbor; in Philippines; and Poland; Potsdam Conference; Quebec conferences; and separate peace worries; Soviet manpower; Stalingrad; submarine warfare; Tehran Conference; Washington Conference; Yalta Conference
Wright, Fielding
Wright, Silas
Yahya Khan, Agha Mohammad
Yalta Conference; critics of; “sell-out” myth
Yalta Declarations; and Eisenhower demands; violations of
Yamamoto, Isoroku
Yeltsin, Boris
Yom Kippur War
Young, Owen D.
Yugoslavia; Hitler’s invasion of; Soviet power in; unraveling of; and
Yalta plan
Zapata, Emiliano
Zhukov, Georgi
Zimmerman, Alfred
1
During the Pugachev Revolt of 1774, which inflamed much of southern Russia, Catherine wrote to her friend the French philosopher and agitator Voltaire that that region had become infected because it was “inhabited by all the good-for-nothings of whom Russia has thought fit to rid herself over the past 40 years, rather in the same spirit that the American colonies were populated.” The British made Homeric efforts to persuade Catherine to assist them against France, Spain, and the American colonists in coming years, but Catherine, though an Anglophile and well-disposed, sagely declined, even when offered Minorca as an inducement. (RKM402)
2
In contravention of binding treaties and the judgment of the U.S. Supreme Court.
3
Fred Anderson,
Crucible of War: The Seven Years’ War and the Fate of the Empire in British North America, 1754–1766,
London, Faber and Faber, 2000, p. 203.
Crucible of War: The Seven Years’ War and the Fate of the Empire in British North America, 1754–1766,
London, Faber and Faber, 2000, p. 203.
4
Anderson, op. cit., p. 173.
5
Anderson,
op. cit.,
p. 226.
op. cit.,
p. 226.
6
Anderson,
op. cit.,
p. 298.
op. cit.,
p. 298.
7
This version of events, long conventionally accepted, is not undisputed, and it is impossible to be certain of it because of Wolfe’s premature death and the lack of corroboration of his alleged comments, but it still seems likely.
8
Edmund S. Morgan,
Benjamin Franklin,
New Haven, Yale University Press, 2002, p. 76.
Benjamin Franklin,
New Haven, Yale University Press, 2002, p. 76.
9
Ibid. p. 74.
10
Ibid. p. 72.
11
The Works of Benjamin Franklin,
Philadelphia, Childs and Peterson, 1840, vol. 1, p. 255–256.
Philadelphia, Childs and Peterson, 1840, vol. 1, p. 255–256.
12
Shortly after, Newfoundland settled into a long notoriety as a poor province. It went bankrupt as an autonomous dominion in the 1930s and more or less fell into the arms of Canada in 1949, but finally became wealthy with the development of off-shore oil in the early twenty-first century.
13
The death of the Czarina Elizabeth is celebrated as the miracle of the House of Brandenburg, and it was invoked by Goebbels and Hitler, inaccurately, in the desperation of their bunker, following the death of President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1945 (Chapter 11).
14
Anderson,
op. cit.,
p. 493.
op. cit.,
p. 493.
15
Morgan, op. cit., pp. 86, 90.
16
Morgan, op. cit., p. 114.
17
Ibid. p. 141.
18
Ibid. p. 142.
19
Morgan, op.
cit.,
p. 152.
cit.,
p. 152.
20
Morgan, op.
cit.,
p. 161.
cit.,
p. 161.
21
Ibid. p. 163.
22
James MacGregor Burns and Susan Dunn,
The Three Roosevelts: Patrician Leaders Who Transformed America,
New York, Grove Press, 2001, p. 16.
The Three Roosevelts: Patrician Leaders Who Transformed America,
New York, Grove Press, 2001, p. 16.
23
Burns and Dunn,
op. cit.,
p. 17.
op. cit.,
p. 17.
24
Morgan, op.
cit.,
p. 171.
cit.,
p. 171.
25
Ibid. p. 175.
26
Edmund S. Morgan,
Benjamin Franklin,
New Haven, Yale University Press, 2002, p. 191. It somewhat presaged Abraham Lincoln’s addresses in the late 1850s when he warned the South that if it came to war, the North had too many people not to prevail (Chapter 6). With one as with the other, a knowledge of the demographic trend was a consoling trump card in the struggle both sought to avoid but considered likely.
Benjamin Franklin,
New Haven, Yale University Press, 2002, p. 191. It somewhat presaged Abraham Lincoln’s addresses in the late 1850s when he warned the South that if it came to war, the North had too many people not to prevail (Chapter 6). With one as with the other, a knowledge of the demographic trend was a consoling trump card in the struggle both sought to avoid but considered likely.
27
Ibid. p. 203.
28
Ibid. p. 206.
29
Morgan,
op. cit.,
p. 217.
op. cit.,
p. 217.
30
James MacGregor Burns and Susan Dunn,
The Three Roosevelts: Patrician Leaders Who Transformed America,
New York, Grove Press, 2001, p. 26.
The Three Roosevelts: Patrician Leaders Who Transformed America,
New York, Grove Press, 2001, p. 26.
31
Robert Harvey,
A Few Bloody Noses: The American War of Independence,
London, John Murray, 2001, p. 428.
A Few Bloody Noses: The American War of Independence,
London, John Murray, 2001, p. 428.
32
Morgan, op.
cit.,
p. 223.
cit.,
p. 223.
33
It was a little like the comparative gentleness that some have claimed limited the German approach at Dunkirk 164 years later (Chapter 9). Both interpretations are improbable.
34
William J. Casey
Where and How the War Was Fought: An Armchair Tour of the American Revolution,
New York, Morrow, 1976, p. 91. This may have been the inspiration for Winston Churchill’s comment to on the Battle of Britain in 1940: “Never in the field of human conflict was so much owed by so many to so few.”
Where and How the War Was Fought: An Armchair Tour of the American Revolution,
New York, Morrow, 1976, p. 91. This may have been the inspiration for Winston Churchill’s comment to on the Battle of Britain in 1940: “Never in the field of human conflict was so much owed by so many to so few.”
35
Casey,
op. cit.,
p
.
100.
op. cit.,
p
.
100.
36
Harvey,
op. cit.,
p. 298.
op. cit.,
p. 298.
37
Casey,
op. cit.,
p. 129. As would be the case in reverse between the British and Americans with the Battle of Britain 163 years later (Chapter 10), the argument for assistance was much strengthened by the performance of the petitioner.
op. cit.,
p. 129. As would be the case in reverse between the British and Americans with the Battle of Britain 163 years later (Chapter 10), the argument for assistance was much strengthened by the performance of the petitioner.
38
The arrival of Von Steuben and other swashbucklers such as the Marquis de Lafayette and the Poles, Tadeusz Kosciusko and Casimir Pulaski, presaged the international attraction of future wars of pure popular motive, such as the Spanish Civil War of 1936–1939.
39
As General William Westmoreland would ask for 206,000 more men after the Tet offensive in Vietnam in 1968 and would be kicked upstairs to army chief of staff just before the commander-in-chief, President Lyndon Johnson, also withdrew (Chapter 14).
40
Harvey,
op. cit.,
pp. 307–308. Little of this has changed in the intervening centuries, though there were some celebratory moments with the Third Republic, including the one that produced the Statue of Liberty.
op. cit.,
pp. 307–308. Little of this has changed in the intervening centuries, though there were some celebratory moments with the Third Republic, including the one that produced the Statue of Liberty.
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