Fordlandia (59 page)

9
. Henry Albert Phillips,
Brazil: Bulwark of Inter-American Relations
, New York: Hastings House, 1945, p. 63; James Orton,
The Andes and the Amazon
, New York: Harper and Brothers, 1870, p. 200; David Riker, “The Last Southern Seed,” unpublished manuscript.

10
. BFRC, vertical file, Rubber Plantations, Correspondence; Ford R. Bryan, “Henry’s So-Called Rubber Plantation in Florida”; “Ford Plans Rubber Grove,”
New York Times
, February 17, 1925, p. 10; Williams Johns Cummings, ed.,
From Kingsford
:
The Town Ford Built in Dickinson Country
,
Michigan
(scrapbook of newspaper clippings in Iron Mountain’s public library).

11
. Eimar Franco,
O Tapajós que eu vi (memórias)
, Santarém: Instituto Cultural Boanerges Sena, 1998, p. 39; author’s interview with Eimar Franco, March 16, 2008.

12
. Aubrey Stuart, trans.,
How Henry Ford Is Regarded in Brazil: Articles by Monteiro Lobato
, Rio de Janeiro, 1926 (available in Yale’s Sterling Library); Thomas Skid-more, “Brazil’s American Illusions: From Dom Pedro II to the Coup of 1964,”
Luso-Brazilian Review
23 (Winter 1986): 77; Machado, “Farquhar and Ford,”p. 311; Lourenço, “Americanos e caboclos,” p. 38; Edward Tomlinson, “Jungle Gold,”
Collier’s Weekly
, December 12, 1936.

13
. Tomlinson, “Jungle Gold.”

14
. John P. Harrison, “Science and Politics: Origins and Objectives of Mid-Nineteenth Century Government Expeditions to Latin America,”
Hispanic American Historical Review
35 (May 1955): 189; John Homer Galey, “The Politics of Development in the Brazilian Amazon, 1940–1950,” PhD dissertation, Stanford University, 1977, p. 2.

15
.
Folha do Norte
, March 2, 1929.

16
. BFRC, accession 74, box 14, “Black Book: Strictly Confidential.”
Gazeta de Noticias
published Souza Castro’s attacks throughout May 1928.

17
.
O Jornal
, February 19, 1928; Assis Chateaubriand,
As nuvens que vêm: Discourses parlamentares
, Rio de Janeiro: Edições Cruzeiro, 1963, pp. 360–62.

18
.
O Jornal
, February 19, 1928; Assis Chateaubriand,
As nuvens que vêm
, pp. 360–62; Lourenço, “Americanos e caboclos,” pp. 35, 38.

19
. BFRC, accession 285, box 420, Liebold to de Lima, October 28, 1925; de Lima,
Recordações de homens e cousas do meu tempo
, pp. 373–77.

Chapter 9: Two Rivers

1
. BFRC, accession 74, box 13, “Rubber Production in Amazon Valley.”

2
. McCarthy, “Henry Ford, Industrial Conservationist?”; “Ford May Use Waste Fire,”
Los Angeles Times
, April 11, 1928.

3
. Bryan,
Beyond the Model T
, pp. 140–50, 155; Nevins and Hill,
Ford
, p. 610.

4
.
Ford News
, March 15, 1928; August 1, 1928.

5
. “Ford Rubber Plantation Ship Leaves Detroit,”
New York Times
, July 27, 1928; “Ford Expedition Starts to Exploit Rubber Tract,”
Washington Post
, July 27, 1928; “Ford Voyagers,”
Detroit News
, July 28, 1928;
Ford News
, August 19, 1928.

6
. BFRC, Reminiscences, Ernest Liebold.

7
. “City That Lost Chance Offered It by Ford,”
New York Times
, March 2, 1930; Howard Wolf and Ralph Wolf,
Rubber: A Story of Glory and Greed
, New York: Covici Friede, 1936, p. 239.

8
. “Ford Sends Party to Start Rubber Culture in Brazil,”
Christian Science Monitor
, July 27, 1928; “Ford Voyagers,”
Detroit News
, July 28, 1928.

9
.
Detroit News
, July 25, 1928; July 26, 1928; July 29, 1928.

10
. “Henry Ford, 65, Pledges Speed,”
Detroit Times
, July 30, 1928; BFRC, accession 1, box 11.

11
. BFRC, accession 38, box 61, “History of the Companhia Ford Industrial Do Brasil since Its Inception.”

12
. BFRC, accession 74, box 17, Oxholm to Sorensen, September 28, 1928; “Ford Plan Arouses Acclaim in Brazil,”
New York Times
, November 25, 1928.

13
. Brett C. Millier,
Elizabeth Bishop: Life and the Memory of It
, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995, p. 309.

14
. Nash,
The Conquest of Brazil
, p. 201.

15
. Hugh Raffles,
In Amazonia: A Natural History
, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2002, p. 25; BFRC, accession 6, box 74, “The Ford Rubber Plantations.”

16
. BFRC, accession 74, box 2, “Report on visit of W. E. Carnegie, 1929.”

17
. “With Ford on the Amazon: The story of the Ford Plantation, an Eye-Witness,”
Planter
, January 1931, in BFRC, vertical file, “Rubber Plantations”; BFRC, accession 285, box 748; BFRC, accession 74, box 13, “Black Binder.”

18
. Lourenço, “Americanos e caboclos,” p. 40; “With Ford on the Amazon”; BFRC, accession 38, box 61, Oxholm to Sorensen, January 19, 1929.

Chapter 10: Smoke and Ash

1
. BFRC, accession 74, box 13; National Archives, RG 59, microfilm 0519, roll 43, 832.6176F75/3, Minter to State, July 23, 1927.

2
. BFRC, accession 74, box 13.

3
. Machado, “Farquhar and Ford,” p. 319; BFRC, accession 74, box 13; BFRC, accession 301, box 2; BFRC, accession 74, box 2, “Report on Visit of W. E. Carnegie.”

4
. Brinkley,
Wheels for the World
, p. 189.

5
. Phillips,
Brazil
, p. 56.

6
. Franco,
O Tapajós
, p. 81; author’s interview, Eimar Franco, March 16, 2008.

7
. Machado, “Farquhar and Ford,” p. 318; BFRC, accession 74, box 17, “Alleged Scandal about Our Concession”; National Archives, RG 59, microfilm 0519, roll 43, 832.6176F75/14, Minter to State, November 25, 1927.

8
. Machado, “Farquhar and Ford,” p. 318; BFRC, “Alleged Scandal about Our Concession”; Minter to State, November 25, 1927; BFRC, accession 38, box 113; BFRC, accession 74, box 1, Roberge, November 23, 1934; BFRC, accession 301, box 2, “Notes of Rubber Company Matters”; BFRC, accession 38, box 113, Longley to Sorensen, July 2, 1928.

9
. BFRC, accession 74, box 17, “Interplant Correspondence.”

10
. National Archives, RG 59, microfilm 0519, roll 43, 832.6176F75/2, Minter to State, July 11, 1927; 832.6176F75/29, Drew to State, April 22, 1929; BFRC, accession 390, box 86, Johnston to Wibel, October 9, 1933; “Ford Handicapped by Labor Scarcity,”
New York Times
, October 20, 1929; Machado, “Farquhar and Ford,” pp. 317, 358–63; BFRC, “Alleged Scandal about our Concession.”

11
. National Archives, RG 59, microfilm 0519, roll 43, 832.6176F75/22, Drew to State, December 15, 1928; Machado, “Farquhar and Ford,” p. 343.

12
. Hoffman,
Wings of Madness
, p. 279.

13
. “Henry Ford Still Thinks Soldiers Are Murderers,”
New York Times
, July 16, 1919; Wik,
Henry Ford and Grass-Roots America
, p. 253.

14
. Hoffman,
Wings of Madness
, p. 302.

15
. Hoffman,
Wings of Madness
, p. 300; David Omissi,
Air Power and Colonial Control: The Royal Air Force
,
1919–1939
, Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1990.

16
. “Air Crash Kills 14 in Rio,”
New York Times
, December 4, 1928.

17
. Hoffman,
Wings of Madness
, p. 310; Samuel Guy Inman,
Latin America: Its Place in World Life
, Freeport, N.Y.: Ayer, 1972, pp. 223–25; Matthew Hughes, “Logistics of the Chaco War, 1932–1935,”
Journal of Military History
69 (2005): 411–37.

18
. Machado, “Farquhar and Ford,” p. 344.

19
. Dean,
Struggle for Rubber
, pp. 73–74.

20
. BFRC, accession 74, Box 14, “Black Book: Strictly Confidential.”

21
. National Archives, RG 59, microfilm 0519, roll 43, 832.6176F75/22, Drew to State, December 15, 1928; 832.6176F75/29, Drew to State, April 22, 1929; 832.6176F75/32, Memo, Division of Latin American Affairs, May 3, 1929; BFRC, accession 301, box 21, Carnegie to Craig, March 27, 1931; BFRC, accession 74, box 13, “Report on Visit to Companhia Ford Industrial do Brasil,” December 2, 1930; Machado, “Farquhar and Ford,” p. 348.

22
.
Folha do Norte
, March 2, 1929, and March 3, 1929.

23
. BFRC, accession 74, box 2, “Personnel File 1930;”
Folha do Norte
, May 8, 1930.

24
. BFRC, “Black Book: Strictly Confidential.”

Chapter 11: Prophesied Subjection

1
. McNairn and McNairn,
Quotations
, p. 51.

2
. Brinkley,
Wheels for the World
, p. 102; BFRC, Reminiscences, A. M. Wibel, pp. 168–69.

3
. BFRC, accession 38, box 61, Sorensen to Oxholm, July 5, 1929.

4
. BFRC, accession 74, box 13, “Interplant Correspondence.”

5
. Wilkins and Hill,
American Business Abroad
, p. 172.

6
. “Brazil Sending Arms to Ford’s Plantation,”
Washington Post
, January 3, 1929.

7
. BFRC, accession 74, box 17, Oxholm to Sorensen, September 28, 1928.

8
. Hemming,
Tree of Rivers
, p. 17; Roger D. Stone,
Dreams of Amazonia
, New York: Penguin, 1989, p. 47; BFRC, accession 65, Reminiscences, Victor J. Perini (as told by Constance Perini); Reminiscences, Matt Mulrooney.

9
. Phillips,
Brazil
, pp. 68–69; J. T. Baldwin Jr., “David B. Riker and
Hevea brasiliensis
,”
Economic Botany
22 (1968): 383–84.

10
. BFRC, accession 74, box 14, “Black Book: Strictly Confidential.”

11
. BFRC, accession 74, box 6, Miscellaneous Letters.

12
. BFRC, accession 390, box 86, Johnston to Wibel, June 5, 1934.

13
. BFRC, accession 74, box 9, Johnston to Stallard, April 15, 1940.

14
. Edviges Marta Ioris, “A Forest of Disputes: Struggles over Spaces, Resources, and Social Identities in Amazonia,” PhD dissertation, University of Florida, 2005.

15
. BFRC, accession 74, box 6, “Indian Labor.”

16
. BFRC, Reminiscences, Carl LaRue; BFRC, accession 74, box 2, “Riot 1930”; BFRC, accession 74, box 2, “Report on Visit of W. E. Carnegie.”

17
. Franco,
O Tapajós
, pp. 82–83; BFRC, accession 74, box 13, “Report on Visit,” December 2, 1930. See also the binder in accession 74, box 9, that contains a report on the land titles held within the boundaries of Fordlandia; “Armed Brazilians Raid Ford Rubber Plantation,”
New York Times
, December 25, 1930; “Enjoin Ford Interests,”
New York Times
, December 27, 1930; Segal,
Recasting the Machine Age
, p. 24.