Foundation (History of England Vol 1) (80 page)

in Black Death,
ref 1

landscape: formed by farming and field system,
ref 1
,
ref 2

Lanfranc, Archbishop of Canterbury,
ref 1
,
ref 2

Langland, William:
Piers Plowman
,
ref 1
,
ref 2
,
ref 3
,
ref 4
,
ref 5
,
ref 6
,
ref 7

Langton, Stephen, Archbishop of Canterbury,
ref 1

languages: prehistoric,
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see also
English language

Laurence of St Martin, Sir,
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law: under Normans,
ref 1

reforms under Henry II,
ref 1

under Edward I,
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custom and precedent in,
ref 1

ineffectiveness under Henry VI,
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Edward IV intervenes in,
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lawyers: origins,
ref 1

lead mines,
ref 1

Leeds: founded,
ref 1

Leeds Castle, Kent,
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legal rights of free men,
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Leges Henrici Primi
,
ref 1

Leofric, Earl of Mercia,
ref 1

Leopold, Duke of Austria,
ref 1

le Toruk, Jacob,
ref 1

Lewes, battle of (1264),
ref 1

Leyburn, Roger,
ref 1

life expectancy,
ref 1
,
ref 2

Lincoln: population,
ref 1

Lincoln, John de la, Earl of,
ref 1

Lincolnshire: revolt (1470),
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Lindisfarne,
ref 1

Lindisfarne Gospels,
ref 1

Lindley Hall Farm, Leicestershire,
ref 1

literacy,
ref 1
,
ref 2

Lithere, Benedict,
ref 1

livestock: in medieval period,
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living standards: improve in fifteenth century,
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Lollards,
ref 1
,
ref 2
,
ref 3
,
ref 4

London: Boudicca attacks,
ref 1

as Roman capital of Britannia Superior,
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population,
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,
ref 2

burned by Danish raiders,
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medieval house design,
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road links,
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mayor and aldermen established,
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plan,
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communal government,
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,
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citizens rebel against Richard I’s taxes,
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rebel barons occupy (1215),
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,
ref 2

Prince Louis of France in,
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supports de Montfort against Henry III,
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Edward I imposes taxes on,
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and rebellion against Edward II,
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in Peasants’ Revolt (1381),
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Jack Cade rebels in,
ref 1

improvements and rebuilding,
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longbow: English mastery of,
ref 1
,
ref 2
,
ref 3
,
ref 4

Lords, House of
see
parliament

lordship: and land ownership,
ref 1

and feudalism,
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see also
aristocracy Loudun Hill, battle of (1306),
ref 1
,
ref 2

Louis VII, King of France,
ref 1

Louis VIII (the Lion), King of France (
earlier
Prince),
ref 1
,
ref 2
,
ref 3

Louis IX, King of France,
ref 1
Louis XI, King of France,
ref 1
,
ref 2
,
ref 3
,
ref 4
,
ref 5

Lovel, Francis, 1st Viscount,
ref 1

Loveraz, Richard de,
ref 1

Lud (or Nud; god),
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Ludlow, Shropshire: in Wars of Roses,
ref 1

Lutherans,
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luxury goods: imported,
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Lydgate, John,
ref 1

Lynn (King’s Lynn), Norfolk,
ref 1
,
ref 2

Macaulay, Thomas Babington, Baron,
ref 1

Maelbeath (or Macbeth),
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Magna Carta (1215),
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,
ref 2
,
ref 3
,
ref 4
,
ref 5
,
ref 6
,
ref 7
,
ref 8
,
ref 9

Maiden Castle, Dorset,
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Maidstone Prison: prisoners freed,
ref 1

Maine, France,
ref 1

Malcolm III (Canmore), King of Scotland,
ref 1

Malcolm IV, King of Scotland,
ref 1

Maldon, battle of (991),
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Malory, Thomas:
Le Morte Darthur
,
ref 1
,
ref 2

Manchester: name,
ref 1

Mancini, Dominic,
ref 1
,
ref 2

manor: as centre of agrarian life,
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court records,
ref 1

at Wharram Percy,
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accounts,
ref 1
,
ref 2

Map, Walter,
ref 1

March, Edmund Mortimer, 3rd Earl of,
ref 1

March, Roger Mortimer, 1st Earl of
see
Mortimer, Roger

Margaret of Anjou, Queen of Henry VI: marriage to Henry,
ref 1
,
ref 2

birth of son,
ref 1

opposes Richard of York,
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and threat to son’s succession,
ref 1
,
ref 2

in Wars of the Roses,
ref 1
,
ref 2

shut out of London,
ref 1

flees to Scotland,
ref 1

takes refuge in Anjou,
ref 1

forms alliance with Warwick against Edward IV,
ref 1
,
ref 2

taken prisoner at Tewkesbury,
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incarcerated in Tower and ransomed by Louis XI,
ref 1

Louis XI supports,
ref 1

Margaret, Queen of Edward I,
ref 1

Margaret Tudor, Queen of James IV of Scotland,
ref 1

Margaret of York
see
Burgundy, Margaret of York, Duchess of

Markeby, John de,
ref 1

Martin, St,
ref 1

Mase, Harry,
ref 1

Mass, the,
ref 1

Matilda (
earlier
Edith), Queen of Henry I,
ref 1

Matilda (Maud), Empress (Henry I’s daughter): and succession to Henry,
ref 1

conflict with Stephen over crown,
ref 1

hailed as ‘lady of England’,
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unpopularity,
ref 1

retires to Rouen,
ref 1

Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor,
ref 1

measurement: inexactness,
ref 1

see also
yard

Meaux, siege of (1421),
ref 1

medicine: practice of,
ref 1

megaliths,
ref 1
,
ref 2
,
ref 3

see also
Stonehenge

melancholy (humour),
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merchant adventurers,
ref 1

Mercia, kingdom of,
ref 1
,
ref 2

Meredith, George,
ref 1

Merfield, William,
ref 1

Meriden, Warwickshire,
ref 1

Mesolithic people,
ref 1
,
ref 2

Middle Saxons,
ref 1

Middleham, north Yorkshire,
ref 1

Milton, John:
Paradise Lost
,
ref 1

minsters (communities of priests and monks),
ref 1

miracle and mystery plays,
ref 1

monasteries: established by Normans,
ref 1

children recruited to,
ref 1

Mons Badonicus, battle of (490),
ref 1

Montfort, Eleanor de, Countess of Leicester,
ref 1

Montfort, Simon de, Earl of Leicester: opposes Henry III,
ref 1

and summoning of parliament,
ref 1

defeated at Evesham (1265),
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death and burial,
ref 1

Morast (fruit drink),
ref 1

More, Sir Thomas: personal display,
ref 1

on literacy in England,
ref 1

on Edward IV,
ref 1

on Richard III,
ref 1
,
ref 2

on Henry VII,
ref 1

mort d’ancestor
(legal procedure),
ref 1
mortality: age of,
ref 1