In the Footsteps of Lewis and Clark (31 page)

54
. Rogers, “We Met Them at the Fair,” part 1, 23.

55
. Stephen Ambrose,
Undaunted Courage: Meriwether Lewis, Thomas Jefferson, and the Opening of the American West
(New York: Simon & Schuster/ Touchstone, 1996), 457–458.

56
. Howard Betts,
In Search of York: The Slave Who Went to the Pacific with Lewis and Clark
, rev. ed. (Boulder: University Press of Colorado and Lewis and Clark Trail Heritage Foundation, 2000).

1
. I have generally avoided repeating “the present-day site of” and similar phrases when referring to towns or other modern locations now at or near places referred to in the journals. I believe the reader will recognize that few such referents existed in 1804–1806. Further, I have not altered spellings in direct quotations from the journals. The description of the expedition's routes that follows is based primarily on Gary Moulton ed.,
The Journals of the Lewis and Clark Expedition
, volumes 2–8 (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press 1987–1993). Only direct quotes from entries and the editor's notes are
cited. Unless otherwise indicated, all citations of the journals are from the Moulton edition and, for convenience, are indicated by volume and page in brackets in the text (e.g., [VI, 87] for volume six, page 87, or [VIII, 166n12] for volume 8, p. 166, note 12).

2
. Jefferson's instructions are in Frank Bergon, ed.,
The Journals of Lewis and Clark
(New York: Penguin Books, 1989), xxiv–xxvi.

3
. Paul Russell Cutright,
Lewis and Clark: Pioneering Naturalists
(Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press/Bison Books, 1989), 48.

4
. Daniel B. Botkin,
Passage of Discovery: American Rivers Guide to the Missouri River of Lewis and Clark
(New York: Berkly/Perigee, 1999), 36, 38.

5
. Cutright,
Lewis and Clark,
50.

6
. Ibid., 63.

7
. James P. Ronda,
Lewis and Clark among the Indians
(Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1984), 21.

8
. Cutright,
Lewis and Clark,
79.

9
. On Sioux expansion, see Richard White, “The Winning of the West: The Expansion of the Western Sioux in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries,”
Journal of American History
65 (September 1978): 319–343; for Sioux territory in 1856, see Edwin Thompson Denig,
Five Indian Tribes of the Upper Missouri
, ed. John C. Ewers (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1961), 64–65. See also Anthony McGinnis,
Counting Coup and Cutting Horses: Intertribal Warfare on the Northern Plains, 1738–1889
(Evergreen, Colo.: Cordillera, 1990) and Theodore Binnema,
Common and Contested Ground: A Human and Environmental History of the Northwestern Plains
(Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2001) for relations among Missouri River and Northern Plains tribes at the time of the Lewis and Clark Expedition.

10
. Ronda,
Lewis and Clark among the Indians,
28; Jefferson quote on p. 30.

11
. Ibid.

12
. Interpretation of the encounter with the Brulé band is from ibid. 31–41.

13
. Ibid., 42–44.

14
. Ibid., 44–45.

15
. Cutright,
Lewis and Clark,
134.

16
. Ibid., 137–138.

17
. Ronda,
Lewis and Clark among the Indians,
158–159.

18
. Ibid., 167–169; D. W. Meinig,
The Great Columbia Plain: A Historical Geography, 1805–1910
(Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1968), map of plateau tribes on 22–23.

19
. Ronda,
Lewis and Clark among the Indians,
170.

20
. Clark also waited anxiously for a group of four men led by Sergeant Nathaniel Pryor, who had been sent ahead down the Yellowstone to obtain
horses at the Mandan Villages. Pryor and his men lost the few horses they had and were forced to float down the river on bull boats behind the main party.

21
. Pierre Cruzatte apparently mistook his captain for game while they were hunting on August 11. The following day they met up with Clark.

1
. David Dary,
The Oregon Trail: An American Saga
(New York: Oxford University Press, 2004), 310–326. Meeker's journeys are also discussed in David M. Wrobel,
Promised Lands: Promotion, Memory, and the Creation of the American West
(Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, 2002), 109–113. Meeker described his twentieth-century wagon journeys in several similar accounts, including (in collaboration with Howard R. Driggs)
The Busy Life of Eighty-Five Years: Ventures and Adventures
(Seattle: pub. by the author, 1916) and
The Ox Team, or the Old Oregon Trail, 1852–1906
(Mt. Vernon, Ind.: repr. Windmill Publications, 1992). Meeker never stopped boosting the Oregon Trail. In addition to making another wagon trip west, he traced the overland route by automobile in 1916 and flew over it as a passenger in an open-cockpit U.S. Army plane in 1923. Meeker was one of the founders of an organization that became the Oregon Trail Memorial Association in 1926, a group that forged close ties with the National Highways Association—appropriately, since Meeker's ultimate aim was to establish an Oregon Trail memorial highway.

2
. Olin D. Wheeler,
The Trail of Lewis and Clark, 1804–1904,
2 vols. (New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1926), vol. I, xi–xiii, 52.

3
. Ibid., xiii.

4
. Ibid.

5
. Mullan, handwritten original of speech at Fort Owen, Montana, December 24, 1861, SC 547, MSHS archives, 26–27, 31, 38.

6
. Ted Van Arsdol, “Pioneer of Travel Routes: The Story of C. C. Van Arsdol,”
Latah Legacy
(Latah County Historical Society, Moscow, Idaho) 15 (Spring 1986): 10, 15; quote (in article) is from the
Yakima
(Washington)
Republic
, January 26, 1900, 15.

7
. Wheeler,
Trail of Lewis and Clark,
vol. II, 84.

8
. Ibid., 85.

9
. Ibid., 81–82.

10
. John Leiberg quote, report to the director of the USGS, in ibid., 84–85.

11
. Ibid., 85–86.

12
. Ibid., 89.

13
. Ibid., 87–89.

14
. Ibid., 89.

15
. Ibid., 85, 87; Kirby Lambert, “Through the Artist's Eye: The Painting and Photography of R. E. DeCamp,”
Montana: The Magazine of Western History
49, no. 2 (Summer 1999): 47–48. As in
Chapter 2
, I am citing material from the Moulton edition of the journals in square brackets within the text.

16
. Wheeler,
Trail of Lewis and Clark,
vol. II, 85.

17
. Ibid., 86.

18
. Ibid., 98–100.

19
. Ibid., 158.

20
. Ibid., 164, 206.

21
. Ingvard Eide,
American Odyssey: The Journey of Lewis and Clark
(New York: Rand McNally, 1969); Albert Salisbury and Jane Salisbury,
Two Captains West: An Historical Tour of the Lewis and Clark Trail
(Seattle: Superior Publishing, 1950); Ralph Space,
The Lolo Trail: A History of Events Connected with the Lolo Trail since Lewis and Clark
(Lewiston, Idaho: Printcraft Printing, 1970); John J. Peebles, “Rugged Waters: Trails and Campsites of Lewis and Clark in the Salmon River Country,”
Idaho Yesterdays
8, no. 2 (Summer 1964): 2–17, and Peebles, “On the Lolo Trail: Route and Campsites of Lewis and Clark,”
Idaho Yesterdays
9, no. 4 (Winter 1965–1966): 2–15.

22
. Weippe [Idaho] Hilltop Heritage Society, Inc., “Lewis and Clark on the Weippe Hilltop” (grant proposal, 2001);
Clearwater Tribune
(Orofino, Idaho), June 26, 1932. I am also indebted to Robben Johnston, archaeologist for the Clearwater National Forest, and Bernice Pullman of the Clearwater Historical Museum (Orofino) for some of the information about Sewell and Harlan.

23
. Space,
Lolo Trail,
41–43 (third quote), 58 (first two quotes).

24
. Ibid., 52–53.

25
. Peebles, “On the Lolo Trail,” 15.

26
. Ibid., 14–15.

27
. Peebles, “Rugged Waters,” 5 (map legend).

28
. Anne Farrar Hyde,
An American Vision: Far Western Landscape and American Culture, 1820–1920
(New York: New York University Press, 1990), 117.

29
. Earl Pomeroy,
In Search of the Golden West: The Tourist in Western America
(New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1957), 135.

30
. Wheeler,
Trail of Lewis and Clark,
vol. I, 53.

31
. Curt McConnell,
Coast to Coast by Automobile: The Pioneering Trips, 1899–1908
(Palo Alto: Stanford University Press, 2000), 59–62.

32
. Ibid., 225.

33
. Ibid., 307.

34
. Ibid., 305.

35
. John A. Jakle,
The Tourist: Travel in Twentieth Century North America
(Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1985), 103.

36
. Taussig's book, privately printed in San Francisco in 1910, cited in Michael Vinson,
Motoring Tourists and the Scenic West, 1903–1948
(Dallas: Southern Methodist University De Golyer Library, 1989), 37.

37
. James J. Flink,
Car Culture
(Cambridge: MIT Press, 1975), 53.

38
. Drake Hokanson, “To Cross America, Early Motorists Took a Long Detour,”
Smithsonian
16, no. 5 (August 1985): 59.

39
. Joe McCarthy, “The Lincoln Highway: The First Transcontinental Paved Road,”
American Heritage
25, no. 4 (June 1974): 32–34.

40
. Hokanson, “To Cross America,” 59.

41
.
Lewiston
(Idaho)
Morning Tribune,
November 3, 1916.

42
. Vinson,
Motoring Tourists,
21.

43
. Marilyn Wyss,
Roads to Romance: The Origins and Development of the Road and Trail System in Montana
(Helena: Montana Department of Transportation, 1992), 24, 28.

44
. Virginia Rishel,
Wheels to Adventure: Bill Rishel's Western Routes
(Salt Lake City: Howe Bros., 1985), 37–38.

45
. See Oral Bullard,
Lancaster's Road: The Historic Columbia River Scenic Highway
(Beaverton, Ore.: TMS Book Service, 1982); Ronald J. Fahl, “S. C. Lancaster and the Columbia River Highway Engineer as Conservationist,”
Oregon Historical Quarterly
74 (June 1973): 101–144.

46
. Robert G. Athearn,
The Mythic West in Twentieth Century America
(Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1986), 153; see also Warren James Belasco,
Americans on the Road: From Autocamp to Motel, 1910–1945
(Cambridge: MIT Press, 1979), 37.

47
. Hal K. Rothman,
Devil's Bargains: Tourism in the Twentieth Century American West
(Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1998), 153.

48
. Athearn,
Mythic West,
147.

49
. The term “interstate highway system” was commonly used to refer to the federally funded highways built in the 1920s, as well as the later system of four-lane highways.

50
. Federal Writers Project (WPA),
South Dakota: A Guide to the State
, 2nd ed., rev. M. Lisle Reese (New York: Hastings House, 1952), 187–188, 197, 239.

51
. John R. Borchert,
America's Northern Heartland: An Economic and Historical Geography of the Upper Midwest
(Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1987), 74–76.

52
. State Map of Montana, 1938.

53
. Theodore E. Lang, “Bringing Montana out of the Mud,”
Montana: The Magazine of Western History
44, no. 4 (Autumn 1994): 35.

54
. Lewis and Clark Memorial Association (Lewiston, Idaho), Report of First Annual Meeting (October 30, 1929), RS 164, folder 4, MSHS archives, first three unnumbered pages (quotes are from pp. 2–3).

55
. Ibid., 3–7.

56
. Ibid., 11–12.

57
.
Lewiston
(Idaho)
Morning Tribune
, September 3, 1933.

58
. Lewis and Clark Memorial Association, Report, 3–7.

59
. Neal Parsell,
Major Fenn's Country
(Seattle: Pacific Northwest National Parks and Forests Association, n.d.), 21.

60
. Space,
Lolo Trail
, 53.

61
. Louis F. Hartig,
Lochsa, the Story of a Ranger District and Its People in Clearwater National Forest,
ed. Shirley Moore (Seattle: Pacific Northwest National Parks and Forests Association, 1981), 172.

62
. Lolita Brown,
Pioneer Profile: A Bicentennial Salute to Kamiah and the Upper Clearwater Region
(Kamiah, Idaho: Clearwater Valley Publishing, 1976), 126.

63
. space,
Lolo Trail
, 53.

64
. Ralph Gray, “Following the Trail of Lewis and Clark,”
National Geographic Magazine
(June 1953): 707, 709.

65
. Ibid., 714 (second quote), 731 (first quote).

66
. Ibid., 738.

67
. Ibid., 748.

68
. Ibid., 746, 748.

69
. Gerald S. Snyder,
In the Footsteps of Lewis and Clark
(National Geographic Society, 1970), 41, 116, 139.

70
. The account that follows is from Wallace G. Lewis, “Building the Lewis-Clark Highway,”
Idaho Yesterdays
43, no. 3 (Fall 1999): 13–23.