India After Gandhi (155 page)

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Authors: Ramachandra Guha

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Amartya Sen quoted in an interview in
India Today
, 20 February 2006.
Report in
The Statesman
, 20 September 2001.
T. N. Ninan, ‘Big Growth, Bigger Debates’, Seminar, January 2006.
See Naushad Forbes, ‘Doing Business in India: What Has Liberalization Changed?’, in Krueger,
Economic Policy Reforms
, p. 131.
On the EGS debate see Jean Drèze, ‘Bhopal Convention on the Right to Work: Brief Report and Personal Observations’,
Social Action
, vol. 54, no. 2, 2004; Rinku Murgai and Martin Ravallion, ‘Employment Guarantee in Rural India: What Would it Cost and How Much Would it Reduce Poverty?’,
Economic and Political Weekly
, 30 July 2005.
On the links between liberalization and corruption, see Rob Jenkins,
Democratic Politics and Economic Reform in India
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999), pp. 87, 90, 93–4, 99, 102–3.
See Abhay Mehta,
Power Play: A Study of the Enron Project
(Hyderabad: Orient Longman, 2000).
Stephen P. Cohen,
India: Emerging Power
(New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2001), pp. xv, 285–92.
News bulletin on CNN/IBN, 22 February 2006.
Larry Pressler, ‘Shun Pakistan, Favour India’, first published in the
New York Times
, reprinted in
The Asian Age
, 23 March 2005.
Cf. C. Raja Mohan,
Crossing the Rubicon: The Shaping of India
’
s Foreign Policy
(New Delhi: Viking, 2003), chapter 4; Strobe Talbot,
Engaging India
(New Delhi: Viking Penguin, 2005).
Jairam Ramesh,
Making Sense of Chindia: Reflections on India and China
(New Delhi: India Research Press, 2005).
See cover story in
Frontline
, 18 July 2003.
Report in
The Asian Age
, 11 April 2005; News bulletin on NDTV, 9 April 2005.
Daniel H. Pink, ‘The New Face of the Silicon Age’, Wired, February 2002 (
http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/12.02/india_pr.html
).
Manjeet Kripalani and Pete Engardio, ‘The Rise of India’,
Business Week
, 8 December 2003 (
http://www.businessweek.com./magazine/content/03_49/ b3861001_mz001.htm
).
Ron Moreau and Sudip Mazumdar, ‘An Indian Champion’,
Newsweek
, 12 April 2004.
Fareed Zakaria, ‘India Rising’,
Newsweek
, 6 March 2006.
Thomas Friedman,
The World is Flat: A Brief History of the Globalized World in the 21st Century
(London: Allen Lane, 2005), p. 459.
Jeffrey D. Sachs,
The End of Poverty: How We Can Make it Happen in our Lifetime
(London: Penguin Books, 2005), pp. 185–7.
Cf.
The Economist
, 5 March 2005; Roger Cohen, ‘A New Asia’s Roar is Heard’, published in the
International Herald Tribune
, and reprinted in
The Asian Age
, 19 April 2005.
Clyde Prestowitz,
Three Billion New Capitalists: The Great Shift of Wealth and Power to the East
(New York: Basic Books, 2005), pp. 101–5, 232–5.
Bharat Jhunjhunwala, ‘Gathering Storm of Indian Imperialism’,
New Indian Express
, 10 August 2005.

30. A P
EOPLE
’
S
E
NTERTAINMENTS

Useful histories of the Indian film industry include Erik Barnouw and S. Krishnaswamy,
Indian Film
, 2nd edn (New York: Oxford University Press, 1980); B. D. Garga,
So Many Cinemas: The Motion Picture in India
(Bombay: Eminence Designs, 1996). Since this chapter is concerned less with individual achievement and more with social history, it is somewhat parsimonious in speaking of the great actors, directors, singers and composers of Indian cinema, for which the reader is referred to the excellent
Encyclopaedia of Indian Cinema
, 2nd edn, edited by Ashish Rajadhyaksha and Paul Willemen (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1999).
As claimed in Amrit Gangar and Virchand Dharamsey,
Indian Cinema: A Visual Voyage
(New Delhi: Publications Division, 1998), p. 90.
The
Current
, 27 September 1950;
The Hindu
, 6 August 1953.
The
Current
, 24 December 1952.
Garga,
So Many Cinemas
, p. 151.
Rajya Sabha Debates
, 26 November and 10 December 1954: the
Current
, 22 December 1954.
Amrit Gangar, ‘Films from the City of Dreams’, in Sujata Patel and Alice Thorner, eds,
Bombay: Mosaic of Modern Culture
(Bombay: Oxford University Press, 1995).
Cf. Ranjani Mazumdar, ‘The Bombay Film Poster’, Seminar, May 2003.
Satyajit Ray,
Our Films, Their Films
(Calcutta: Orient Longman, 1976), pp. 90–1.
Manmohan Desai quoted in Peter Manuel,
Cassette Culture: Popular Music and Technology in North India
(New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1993), p. 45.
George Gissing,
New Grub Street
(1891; reprint London: J. M. Dent, 1997), p. 354.
The best introduction to the narrative structure of the Indian film is Nasreen Munni Kabir’s
Bollywood: The Indian Cinema Story
(London: Channel 4 Books, 2001). But see also Panna Shah,
The Indian Film
(Bombay: The Motion Picture Society of India, 1950); Agehananda Bharati, ‘Anthropology of Hindi Films’ (in two parts)
Illustrated Weekly of India
, 30 January and 6 February 1977.
S. S. Vasan, quoted in Robert L. Hardgrave and Anthony C. Neidhart, ‘Films and Political Consciousness’ in Tamil Nadu,’
Economic and Political Weekly
11 January 1975.
Mukul Kesavan, ‘An Undergraduate History of Hindi Cinema’, in B. G. Verghese,
Tomorrow
’
s India: Another Tryst with Destiny
(New Delhi: Viking, 2006), p. 323.
Naresh Fernandes, ‘Remembering Anthony Gonsalves’, Seminar, November 2004. See also Vanraj Bhatia, ‘Film Music’, Seminar, December 1961; Manuel,
Cassette
Culture, chapter 3.
Ashraf Aziz,
Light of the Universe: Essays on Hindustani Film Music
(New Delhi: Three Essays Collective, 2003), pp. xvii–xviii.
Bade Ghulam Ali Khan, quoted in H. Y. Sharada Prasad, ‘Ye kaun aaj aaya savere savere’,
The Asian Age
, 18 May 2005.
Nasreen Munni Kabir, ‘Playback Time: A Brief History of Bollywood Film Songs’, Film Comment, May–June 2002, p. 41. For loving and informative sketches of the lyricists, composers and singers in Hindi film music, see Manek Premchand,
Yesterday
’
s Melodies, Today
’
s Memories
(Mumbai: Jharna Books, 2003).
Steve Derné,
Movies, Masculinity and Modernity: An Ethnography of Men
’
s Filmgoing in India
(Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 2000), chapter 2. Cf. also Narendra Panjwani, ‘A Small Town Goes to the Movies’, Hindi, vol. 2, no. 2, 2001.
Sara Dickey,
Cinema and the Urban Poor in South India
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993), and ‘Opposing Faces: Film Star Fan Clubs and the Construction of Class Identities in South India’, in Rachel Dwyer and Christopher Pinney, eds,
Pleasure and the Nation: The History, Politics and Consumption of Public Culture in India
(New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2001).
On Bachchan’s career see,
inter alia
, Chidananda Das Gupta,
The Painted Face: Studies in India
’
s Popular Cinema
(New Delhi: Roli Books, 1991), pp. 239ff.; Ashok Banker, Bollywood (New Delhi: Penguin Books, 2001), pp. 67–77.
E.g. Sunday, issue of 24 February–2 March 1985.
Kaveree Bamzai, ‘A Legend turns 60’, India Today, 21 October 2002.
These biographical details have been gleaned from Harish Bhimani, In Search of Lata Mangeshkar (New Delhi: Indus, 1995); Punita Bhatt, ‘The Lata Legend’, Filmfare, 1–15 June 1987.
Sunil Sethi, quoted in Garga, So Many Cinemas, p. 192.
Cf. Anupama Chopra, Sholay: The Making of a Classic (New Delhi: Penguin Books, 2000), p. 29 and passim.
Ashokamitran, My Years with Boss: At Gemini Studios (Hyderabad: Orient Longman, 2002), pp. 16–17.
The Current, 3 September 1952.
Mukul Kesavan, ‘Cine Qua Non!’, Outlook, 18 August 1997.
See Mukul Kesavan, ‘Urdu, Awadh and the Tawaif: The Islamicate Roots of Hindi Cinema’, in Zoya Hasan, ed., Forging Identities: Gender, Communities and theState (New Delhi: Kali for Women, 1994).
Jerry Pinto, ‘The Woman who Could not Care’, in First Proof: The Penguin Book of New Writing from India, vol. 1 (New Delhi: Penguin Books, 2005), pp. 49–50.
Mamooty quoted in Shajahan Madampat, ‘Portrait of a Religious Muslim as a Secular Icon’, unpublished paper kindly shown to me by its author.
Bunny Reuben, Follywood Flashback: A Collection of Movie Memories (New Delhi: Indus, 1993), p. 267.
Among the many studies of Ray the best are probably Andrew Robinson, Satyajit Ray: The Inner Eye (London: André Deutsch, 1989); and Chidananda Dasgupta, The Cinema of Satyajit Ray, 2nd edn (New Delhi: National Book Trust, 2001).
The work of these and other directors is discussed in Yves Thorat, The Cinemas of India (1896–2000) (New Delhi: Macmillan India, 2000).
This account draws on Rustom Bharucha, ‘Ninasam: A Cultural Alternative’, chapter 14 of his Theatre and the World (New Delhi: Manohar, 1990); various reports publishedby Ninasam and my own visits to Heggodu.
H. Y. Sharada Prasad, ‘Subanna’, The Asian Age, 19 October 2005.
Sudhanva Deshpande, ‘Habib Tanvir: Upside-Down Midas’, Economic and Political Weekly, 13 September 2003.
Gaddar’s life and work is the subject of a forthcoming book by Venkat Rao. Among many articles by Rao, see especially his ‘Writing Orally: Decolonization from Below’, Positions, vol. 7, no. 1, 1999.
See, among other works, Bonnie C. Wade, Music in India: The Classical Traditions (1979; revised edn Delhi: Manohar, 2001); Mohan Nadkarni, The Great Masters: Profiles in Hindustani Classical Music (New Delhi: HarperCollins India, 1999); Ludwig Pesch, The Illustrated Companion to South Indian Classical Music (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1999).
See Indira Menon, The Madras Quartet: Women in Karnatak Music (New Delhi: Roli Books, 1999), pp. 173–8. The most recent biography of Subbulakshmi is T. J. George’’s MS: A Life in Music (New Delhi: HarperCollins India, 2004). I have also drawn here on an unpublished essay on MS by the music scholar Keshav Desiraju.
There is, as yet, no biography of Ravi Shankar. I have drawn here on his own autobiography, Raga Mala (Guildford: Genesis Publications, 1997), on conversations with music lovers and on my own thirty-year experience of listening to Ravi Shankar.
For more on these and other artists, the interested reader is referred to Kumar Mukherji’s The Lost World of Hindustani Music (New Delhi: Penguin India, 2006), a quite wonderful and richly anecdotal history by a scholar-performer.
Times of India (Bangalore), 3 March 2003; The Asian Age, 3 March 2003.
The arguments in these paragraphs have been elaborated at greater length in Ramachandra Guha, A Corner of a Foreign Field: The Indian History of a British Sport (London: Picador, 2002). Cf. also Richard Cashman, Patrons, Players, and the Crowd: The Phenomenon of Indian Cricket (Bombay: Orient Longman, 1980).
C. Rajagopalachari, quoted in Pon. Thangamani, History of Broadcasting in India: With Special Reference to Tamil Nadu, 1924–1954 (Chennai: Ponnaiah Pathipagam, 2000), pp. 104–5.
See Mehra Masani, Broadcasting and the People (New Delhi: National Book Trust, 1976). Cf. also David Lelyveld, ‘Transmitters and Culture: The Colonial Roots of Indian Broadcasting’, South Asia Research, vol. 10, no. 1, 1990.
The Hindu, 19 July 1953.
David Lelyveld, ‘Upon the Subdominant: Administering Music on All-India Radio’, in Carol A. Breckenridge, ed., Consuming Modernity: Public Culture in a South Asian World (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1995).
Ritu Sarin, ‘Doordarshan: The Money Machine’, Sunday, 18–24 August 1985.
Chidananda Dasgupta, ‘Cinema: The Unstoppable Chariot’, in Hiranmay Karlekar, ed., Independent India: The First Fifty Years (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1998), p. 442.
See Wimal Dissanayake and Malti Sahai, ‘Raj Kapoor and the Indianization of Chaplin’, paper presented at a symposium on ‘Humour in Cinema: East and West’, Waikiki, Hawaii, 29 November–3 December, 1986.
The Current, 28 September 1955.
Bunny Reuben, Raj Kapoor: The Fabulous Showman (New Delhi: Indus, 1995), pp. 88f.
Times of India, 5 January 1952.
K. A. Abbas, I Am not an Island: An Experiment in Autobiography (New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House, 1977), p. 372.
Personal communication from Professor James C. Scott of Yale University.

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