Invisible Romans (57 page)

familia,
282
,
284
–5

family: as cause for worries,
23
–4

women’s role in,
55
,
91

tensions,
75

and mutual aid,
106
–7

slave,
159
–64

and service as soldier,
216
–20;
see also
marriage

Fate,
112
–13

festivals: religious,
42

slaves and,
166

and prostitutes,
241
;
see also
Floralia

Festus,
287

fidelity: in marriage,
25
–6

finance: and concern for success,
20
–2

Firmicius,
68

Flamma (gladiator),
277

Floralia (festival),
253

food shortages: and riots,
41

fortune
see
good fortuene

fortune-telling: by women,
87

Frank, Tenney,
172

freedmen: status,
7

membership of associations,
146

attainment,
166
–7,
169
,
175
–7,
184
,
187

hostility to,
170
–2

situation and status,
170
–4,
194
–5

imperial,
171

defined and identified,
173
,
180
–3

in business,
176
–7

within household,
177
–80

rights and obligations,
178
–9,
183
–4

numbers,
182

marriage and family,
183
,
187
–91

attitude to patrons,
184
–5

relations with other freedmen,
186
–7

occupations,
190
–2

religious activities,
192
–4

recruited as soldiers,
197
;
see also
slaves

friendship,
12

G

Gaius,
174
,
177

Galen,
67
–8,
278
,
283
,
294
,
319

gladiators: celebrity,
265
,
272
,
276

criminals as,
266

recruitment,
266
–7

slaves as,
266
–70,
282

female,
267
–9

management,
268
–70

training,
268
–9,
282
,
284

as career,
270
,
277
–8

qualities and lifestyle,
270
–4,
278
–9,
289

memorabilia,
273
,
276

and crowds,
274

and sexual favors,
275

mortality rates,
276
–8

number of fights,
277
–8

stigma
(infamia),
279
–82

banned from serving as soldiers,
281

associated with household
(familia),
282
,
284
–5

tiros (novices),
282
–3

living conditions and diet,
283
–4

burial epitaphs,
285
–6

keep dogs,
285

beast fighters,
286
–7

marriage and families,
286

social contacts,
286
–7

blood and organs valued,
287
–9

religious outlook,
287

gonorrhea,
263

good fortune,
20

Gospels (Biblical): on slaves,
128

on criminals,
292

as source,
320

see also
Matthew, St. New Testament

gossip,
12

graffiti,
32
,
51
,
63
,
86
,
250
,
261
,
266
,
275
,
322

H

Heliodorus:
An Ethiopian Story,
94
,
298
,
306
–10,
313

Heracleo (pirate),
304

Herodian,
294
,
305

Hierocles,
80

Hippocrates,
67

Hippothous (outlaw),
306

Hobsbawm, Eric,
295

homosexuality: attitudes to,
11
,
30
–2

practices,
27
–9

among soldiers,
223
–4;
see also
lesbianism

honestiores,
6

honesty: as moral value,
11

Hopkins, Keith,
318

Horace (Quintus Horatius Flaccus),
52
,
101
,
182
–3,
317

Satires,
201
,
256

households,
75

see also familia

Housesteads fort, Britain,
206

humiliores,
6

humility,
12

I

incantations
see
spells

infamia,
261
,
279
–82

inscriptions: as source,
321

Isauricus, Publius Servilius,
304

Isis: cult of,
42
,
51
,
93
–5

Isola Sacra, near Ostia,
101
–2,
194

J

James, Epistle of (New Testament),
8
,
34

Jesus Christ: and magic,
15

on mother Mary,
54

on law and the poor,
121

Jezebel (prophetess),
88

John the Baptizer,
213
,
216
,
240
,
294

John Chrysostom,
53

Joshel, Sandra,
140

journeys: as cause of concern,
32

women and,
74

Jupiter Dolichenus (deity),
226

Jupiter Optimus Maximus (deity),
224

justice,
120
–2;
see also
law

Juvenal,
27
,
172

K

Kampen, Natalie,
83
–4

L

labourers,
99
–100

Lactantius:
Divine Institutes,
254

lanistae,
268
,
280

Lanuvium,
146

Largus, Scribonius,
289

Lattimore, Richmond,
55

law: disputes,
20

centrality to Roman culture,
33
–6

separation from justice,
121
–2

Leo, Manius Megonius,
6

lesbianism,
26
,
69
;
see also
homosexuality

Lex Cornelia,
131

Lex Papia Poppea,
216
,
218

Liberalis, M. Sempronius,
300

Life of Aesop,
127
,
134
–5,
143
–4,
151
,
154
,
157
,
166

see also
Aesop love: and magical incantations,
14
–15,
92
–3

success in,
24

romantic,
63

Lucian,
10
,
98
,
100
,
118
,
318

Dialogues of the Courtesans,
238
,
245
,
262

The Runaways,
127

Saturnalia,
114

The Ship,
309

Toxaris,
271
,
292

Lucretius,
68

lynching,
38

M

Macedo, Larcius,
146

Maecenas,
182

magic,
13
–18,
60
,
88
,
91
,
158
–9,
166

magistrates: election,
50
–1

Maktar (Tunisia),
22

manumission,
167
–8,
173
see also
freedmen

slaves

Maratocupreni of Syria,
290

Marcellinus, Ammianus,
2
,
251
,
301

Marcian,
209

Marcus Aurelius, Roman Emperor,
46

marriage: attitudes to,
11
–12

monogamous,
11
,
64

anxieties over,
24
–7

sex in,
26
–7,
66
–7

and children,
27
,
59
–60,
70

women and,
58
–66,
90
–1

legality,
61
–2

and wife abuse,
76
–9

among slaves,
159
–64

of freedmen,
183

soldiers banned from,
216
–21

soldiers engage in,
221
–2

Martial,
27
,
100
,
135
,
223

Mary, Virgin,
54

Matthew, St.: Gospel of,
92
,
145
,
294

Maximianus, Marcus Valerius,
300

Maximinus, Roman Emperor,
303

Menander, Arrius,
234

merchants (traders): status,
9
–11

women as,
86
–7

midwifery: as women’s occupation,
87

Millar, Fergus: ‘The World of
The Golden Ass’,
318

Mithra: cult of,
226

Mithres, Lucius Nerusius,
9

Mithridates VI, King,
295

mobs,
40
–1

Monica (St Augustine’s mother),
76
–8

monogamy,
11
,
64

moral values: attitudes to,
11
–13

in proverbs and fables,
101
–4,
106
–10

and the poor,
105
–7

Moretum
(literary composition),
98

Morgan, Teresa:
Popular Morality in the Early Roman Empire,
102
,
105

murder: view of,
12

Musonius Rufus,
137

N

Nero, Roman Emperor,
238
–9

New Testament: on slaves,
128
,
136
–7,
152

on freedmen,
180

on outlaws,
305

as source,
320
–1

see also
Gospels

Paul, St.

Nuceria: rivalry with Pompeii,
41
,
274

O

Oracles of Astrampsychus,
147

ordines
(social orders),
3

Ostia,
146

outdoor and street life,
48
–50

outlaws: defined,
290
–3

sources on,
293

relations with lawful society,
296
–7

recruitment to,
297
–9

measures and actions against,
300
–4

punishment,
304
–5

social organization,
305
–12

lifestyle,
313
–14

rituals,
313

see also
bandits; pirates

Ovid,
27

P

Palaemon, Q. Remmius,
127

Papinian (praetorian prefect),
293

papyri: magical,
19
–20,
24
,
28
,
41
,
166

on slaves,
128

papyrology: as source,
321
–2

Patricius (Monica’s husband),
76

Paul, St.: on slavery,
8

on businessmen,
10

performs cures and miracles,
15
–16

accused of blaspheming against Artemis,
18