Iron Kingdom : The Rise and Downfall of Prussia, 1600-1947 (125 page)

BOOK: Iron Kingdom : The Rise and Downfall of Prussia, 1600-1947
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43.
These events are reconstructed in detail in Lieselott Enders’s panoramic history of the Uckermark. See Enders,
Die Uckermark
, pp. 394–6.

44.
Ibid., p. 396.

45.
‘Klagen der Ritterschaft in Priegnitz gegen aufgewiegelte Unterthanen, 1701–1703’, in GStA Berlin-Dahlem, HA I, Rep. 22, Nr. 72a, Fasz. 15; ‘Beschwerde von Dörfern über die Nöte und Abgaben, 1700–1701’. These documents are discussed in Hagen,
Ordinary Prussians
, p. 85.

46.
Enders,
Die Uckermark
, p. 446.

47.
Hagen,
Ordinary Prussians
, pp. 89–93.

48.
Friedrich Otto von der Gröben to Frederick William, Amt Zechlin, 20 January, 1670, in Breysig (ed.),
Die Centralstellen
, pp. 813–16, here p. 814.

49.
Hagen,
Ordinary Prussians
, p. 120.

50.
This is one of the central themes of Hagen’s
Ordinary Prussians
. For a more concise discussion, see William Hagen, ‘The Junkers’ Faithless Servants’, in Richard J. Evans and W. Robert Lee (eds.),
The German Peasantry
(London, 1986), pp. 71–101; Robert Berdahl, ‘Christian Garve on the German Peasantry’,
Peasant Studies
, 8 (1979), pp. 86–102; id.,
The Politics of the Prussian Nobility
, pp. 47–54.

51.
Enders,
Die Uckermark
, p. 467.

52.
On this literature, see Wehler,
Deutsche Gesellschaftsgeschichte
, vol. 1,
Vom Feudalismus des Alten Reiches
, p. 82; Berdahl,
Politics of the Prussian Nobility
, pp. 45–6.

53.
Veit Valentin,
Geschichte der deutschen Revolution von 1848–49
(2 vols., Berlin, 1931), vol. 2, pp. 234–5.

54.
On the evolution of the image of the Junker as a ‘site of memory’, see Heinz Reif’s brilliant essay, ‘Die Junker’, esp. pp. 521–3.

55.
Hagen,
Ordinary Prussians
, pp. 292–7.

56.
This case is documented and analysed in Heinrich Kaak, ‘Untertanen und Herrschaft
gemeinschaftlich im Konflikt. Der Streit um die Nutzung des Kietzer Sees in der östlichen Kurmark 1792–1797’, in Peters,
Gutsherrschaftsgesellschaften
, pp. 323–42.

57.
See, for example, the case of Frau von Dossow, who purchased parts of the Zieten estate at Wustrau in county Ruppin in 1756 and managed, through the introduction of modern estate-management techniques to achieve rapid growth in output. Carl Brinkmann,
Wustrau. Wirtschafts-und Verfassungsgeschichte eines brandenburgischen Rittergutes
(Leipzig, 1911), pp. 82–3.

58.
Thus Veit Ludwig von Seckendorff’s
Teutscher Fürstenstaat
, cited in Johannes Rogalla von Bieberstein,
Adelherrschaft und Adelskultur in Deutschland
(Limburg, 1998), p. 356.

59.
Ute Frevert,
Women in German History. From Bourgeois Emancipation to Sexual Liberation
(Oxford, 1989), pp. 64–5; Heide Wunder,
He is the Sun, She is the Moon: Women in Early Modern Germany
, trans. Thomas Dunlap (Cambridge, MA, 1998), pp. 202–8.

60.
On this phenomenon more generally, see Sheilagh Ogilvie,
A Bitter Living. Women, Markets and Social Capital in Early Modern Germany
(Oxford, 2003), pp. 321–2.

61.
Hagen,
Ordinary Prussians
, pp. 167, 368.

62.
Ibid., p. 256.

63.
Ulrike Gleixner,
‘Das Mensch’ und ‘Der Kerl’. Die Konstruktion von Geschlecht in Unzuchtsverfahren der Frühen Neuzeit (1700–1760)
(Frankfurt, 1994), p. 15.

64.
Hagen,
Ordinary Prussians
, p. 499.

65.
Gleixner,
Unzuchtsverfahren
, pp. 116, 174.

66.
Ibid., p. 172.

67.
Hagen,
Ordinary Prussians
, pp. 177, 257, 258.

68.
Gleixner,
Unzuchtsverfahren
, pp. 176–210.

69.
Frederick II, Political Testament of 1752, in Dietrich,
Die politischen Testamente
, p. 261.

70.
On the idea that ‘
industrie
’ was an index of the civilizational achievement of a state, see Florian Schui, ‘Early debates about
industrie
: Voltaire and his Contemporaries (
c
1750–78)’, Ph. D. thesis, Cambridge (2005); Hugo Rachel,
Wirtschaftsleben im Zeitalter des Frühkapitalismus
(Berlin, 1931), pp. 130–32; Rolf Straubel, ‘Bemerkungen zum Verhältnis von Lokalbehörde und Wirtschaftsentwicklung. Das Berliner Seiden-und Baumwollgewerbe in der 2.Hälfte des 18. Jahrhunderts’,
Jahrbuch für Geschichte
, 35 (1987), pp. 119–49, here pp. 125–7.

71.
William O. Henderson,
Studies in the Economic Policy of Frederick the Great
(London, 1963), pp. 36, 159–60; Ingrid Mittenzwei,
Preussen nach dem Siebenjährigen Krieg. Auseinandersetzungen zwischen Bürgertum und Staat um die Wirtschaftsgeschichte
(Berlin, 1979), pp. 71–100.

72.
Clive Trebilcock,
The Industrialisation of the Continental Powers 1780–1914
(Harlow, 1981), p. 27.

73.
Cited in August Schwemann, ‘Freiherr von Heinitz als Chef des Salzdepartements (1786–96)’,
FBPG
, 8 (1894), pp. 111–59, here p. 112.

74.
Ibid., pp. 112–13.

75.
Schieder,
Frederick the Great
, p. 209.

76.
Honoré-Gabriel Riquetti, Comtede Mirabeau,
De la monarchie Prussienne sous Frédéric le Grand
(8 vols., Paris, 1788), vol. 3, pp. 2, 7–8, 9–15, 17, 18.

77.
Ibid., vol. 3, p. 191.

78.
Ibid., vol. 3, pp. 175–6, vol. 5, pp. 334–5, 339.

79.
Trebilcock,
Industrialisation
, p. 28; Walther Hubatsch,
Friedrich der Grosse und die preussische Verwaltung
(Cologne, 1973), pp. 81–2.

80.
Johannes Feig, ‘Die Begründung der Luckenwalder Wollenindustrie durch Preussens Könige im achtzehnten Jahrhundert’,
FBPG
, 10 (1898), pp. 79–103, here pp. 101–2; the quotation from Schmoller is on p. 103.

81.
For a discussion of this problem see Wehler,
Deutsche Gesellschaftsgeschichte
, vol. 1, p. 109.

82.
Ingrid Mittenzwei,
Preussen nach dem Siebenjährigen Krieg
, pp. 71–100; Max Barkhausen, ‘Government Control and Free Enterprise in Western Germany and the Low Countries in the Eighteenth Century’, in Peter Earle (ed.),
Essays in European Economic History
(Oxford, 1974), pp. 241–57; Stefan Gorissen, ‘Gewerbe, Staat und Unternehmer auf dem rechten Rheinufer’, in Dietrich Ebeling (ed.),
Aufbruch in eine neue Zeit. Gewerbe
,
Staat und Unternehmer in den Rheinlanden des 18. Jahrhunderts
(Cologne, 2000), pp. 59–85, esp. pp. 74–6; citation from Wilfried Reininghaus,
Die Stadt Iserlohn und ihre Kaufleute (1700–1815)
(Dortmund, 1995), p. 19.

83.
Rolf Straubel,
Kaufleute und Manufakturunternehmer
, pp. 11, 24, 26, 29–30, 32, 95, 97. My outline discussion of the growth of the Prussian manufacturing in this period is deeply indebted to Straubel’s outstanding pioneering study. A useful older study of the transition to capitalist forms of production in the manufacturing sector, with statistics for all Prussian provinces (Straubel focuses on the central provinces only) is Karl Heinrich Kaufhold,
Das Gewerbe in Preussen um 1800
(Göttingen, 1978).

84.
Straubel,
Kaufleute und Manufakturunternehmer
, pp. 399–400; id., ‘Berliner Seidenund Baumwollgewerbe’, pp. 134–5; Mittenzwei,
Preussen nach dem Siebenjährigen Krieg
, pp. 39–50.

85.
Straubel,
Kaufleute und Manufakturunternehmer
, pp. 397–8, 408–9; for a positive assessment of the impact of tax commissioners on local, developments, see Heinrich, ‘Staatsaufsicht und Stadtfreiheit’, in Rausch (ed.),
Städte Mitteleuropas
, pp. 155–72, esp. p. 165.

7 Struggle for Mastery
 

1.
H. M. Scott, ‘Prussia’s Emergence as a European Great Power, 1740–1763’, in Dwyer (ed.),
Rise of Prussia
, pp. 153–76, here p. 161.

2.
Frederick II,
De la Littérature Allemande; des defauts qu’on peut lui reprocher; quelles en sont les causes; et par quels moyens on peut les corriger
(Berlin, 1780; repr. Heilbronn, 1883), pp. 4–5, 10.

3.
T. C. W. Blanning,
The Culture of Power and the Power of Culture. Old Regime Europe 1660–1789
(Oxford, 2002), p. 84.

4.
Frederick II,
The Refutation of Machiavelli’s Prince, or Anti-Machiavel
, intro. and trans. Paul Sonnino (Athens, O, 1981), pp. 157–62.

5.
Dietrich,
Die politischen Testamente
, pp. 657–9.

6.
Wolfgang Pyta, ‘Von der Entente Cordiale zur Aufkündigung der Bündnispartnerschaft. Die preussisch-britischen Beziehungen im Siebenjährigen Krieg 1758–1762’,
FBPG
, New Series 10 (2000), pp. 1–48, here pp. 41–2.

7.
For a discussion of the historical works, see Kunisch,
Friedrich der Grosse
, pp. 102–3, 119, 218–23.

8.
Frederick William I,
Instruction for his Successor
(1722); Frederick II,
Political Testament
of 1752, both in Dietrich,
Die politischen Testamente
, pp. 243, 255.

9.
Ibid., p. 601.

10.
Jacques Brenner (ed.),
Mémoires pour servir à la vie de M. de Voltaire, écrits par luimême
(Paris, 1965), p. 45.

11.
Ibid., p. 43.

12.
Kunisch,
Friedrich der Grosse
, p. 60.

13.
David Wootton, ‘Unhappy Voltaire, or “I shall Never Get Over it as Long as I Live” ’,
History Workshop Journal
, no. 50 (2000), pp. 137–55.

14.
Giles MacDonogh,
Frederick the Great. A Life in Deed and Letters
(London, 1999), pp. 201–4.

15.
Paul Noack,
Elisabeth Christine und Friedrich der Grosse. Ein Frauenleben in Preussen
(Stuttgart, 2001), p. 107.

16.
Ibid., p. 142; Biskup, ‘Hidden Queen’, passim.

17.
Noack,
Elisabeth Christine
, pp. 185–6.

18.
Frederick to Duhan de Jandun, 19 March 1734, in Preuss (ed.),
Oeuvres de Frédéric II
(31 vols., Berlin, 1851), vol. 17, p. 271.

19.
PRO SP 90/2, 90/3, 90/4, 90/5, 90/6, 90/7.

20.
Charles Ingrao,
The Habsburg Monarchy 1618–1815
(Cambridge, 1994), p. 152.

21.
Frederick William I, ‘Last Speech’ (28 May 1740), in Dietrich (ed.),
Die politischen Testamente
, p. 246. The speech was minuted by the State and Cabinet Minister Heinrich Count von Podewils.

22.
Walter Hubatsch,
Friedrich der Grosse und die preussische Verwaltung
(Cologne, 1973), p. 70.

23.
H. M. Scott, ‘Prussia’s Emergence’, in Dwyer (ed.),
Rise of Prussia
, pp. 153–76.

24.
Schieder,
Frederick the Great
, p. 95; Hubatsch,
Friedrich der Grosse
, p. 70; Kunisch,
Friedrich der Grosse
, p. 167.

25.
Schieder,
Frederick the Great
, p. 235.

26.
For analyses of the battles of the first two Silesian wars, see David Fraser,
Frederick the Great. King of Prussia
(London, 2000), pp. 91–5, 116–9, 178–84; Christopher Duffy,
Frederick the Great. A Military Life
(London, 1985), pp. 21–75; Dennis Showalter,
The Wars of Frederick the Great
(Harlow, 1996), pp. 38–89.

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