Japan's Comfort Women (44 page)

5 M. Bilton and K. Sim,
Four Hours in My Lai: A War Crime and its Aftermath
(Viking, New York, 1992) pp. 102–162.

6 Takazawa Suzuyo, “Postwar US Military Crimes Against Women in Okinawa”, paper presented at the International Conference on Violence Agaianst Women in War and Armed Conflict Situations, held in Tokyo in November 1997, p. 1.

7
i
shima Yukio,
Genshoku no Nihon-shi: Sengo Nipponjin wa dD Ikitaka
(K
d
dan-sha, Tokyo, 1986) pp. 327–329; Shimabukuro S
d
k
d
and Urashima Etsuko, “Kichi naki Okinawa o” in
Oruta
, No. 218, January 1996, p. 15.

8 Yamada Meiko,
Nippon Kokusaku Ianfu: SenryD-gun Ian Shisetsu, Onna-tachi no IsshD
(K
d
jin-sha, Tokyo, 1996) p. 9.

9 “Kikisugita Joshi Sokai: Kanagawa-ken de Kairan-ban kara Konran Maneku” in
Asahi
Shimbun
, 19 August 1945.

10 JNDL Collection,
Chian JDsei
Nos. 8 (August 22, 1945) and 30 (August 31, 1945) in “Chian J
d
sei Kempei Shireibu 1945, August–September,” Japanese Army and Navy Archives, Reel 229, T1555/f02498-02511; Yamada Meiko, op. cit., pp. 10–11.

11 JNDL Collection,
Chian JDsei
, No. 10 (August 23, 1945).

12 “Arienu Ryakudatsu B
d
k
d
: Ch
d
sh
e
mo Waga Seifu no Te o Ts
e
jite Okonau” in
Asahi
Shimbun
, August 19, 1945.

13 “J
d
riku suru Beihei tachi yo: Mamore Genj
e
na Kiritsu” in
Asahi Shimbun
, August 19, 1945.

14 Due to this activity, Father Barn was investigated by the US Counter Intelligence Corps (C.I.C.) shortly after US occupation forces landed in Japan. However, he was soon cleared by the C.I.C. and his opinion on Japanese people was often sought by General MacArthur. A few years later he moved to Korea and he died at the begin-ning of the Korean War while participating in the well-known peace march to the north. See Duus Masayo,
Haisha no Okurimono: Kokusaku Ianfu o Meguru SenryD-ka Hishi
(K
d
dan-sha, Tokyo, 1979) pp. 57– 61.

15 “Dema ni Odoru wa Gu: Yatarani Konran Sureba Sekai no Monowarai” in
Yomiuri
HDchi
, August 20, 1945.

16 “Reng
d
-gun Hondo Shinch
e
Zengo no Kokoroe” and “Hikaeyo Fujoshi no Hitori Aruki: Fushidara na Fukus
d
wa Tsutsushim
d
” in
Yomiuri HDchi
, August 23, 1945.

17 Yamada op. cit., p. 10. A similar notice was also circulated by some neigborhood associations in Yokosuka City. See
Yomiuri HDchi
, September 2, 1945.

18 “Dai 8-gun to Kihei Dai 1-gun J
d
riku” in
Yomiuri HDchi
, August 31, 1945; “Makk
a
s
a
Shireibu: Atsugi Chakuriku, Yokohama e Shinch
e
” and “Kaihei-tai Zokuzoku J
d
riku”

in
Asahi Shimbun
, September 3, 1945.

19 Takemae Eiji,
GHQ
( Iwanami Shoten, Tokyo, 1983) p. 44.

20 JNDL Collection, “Reng
d
-gun Shinch
e
go ni okeru Jiko Hassei Ch
d
sa-sho” in MOJ

6,
Japanese Police Intelligence Reports
(Naimush
d
, Keiho-kyoku, 1910–1945) Reel 2.

21 Kanagawa-ken Keistasu-shi Hensan Iin-kai ed.,
Kanagawa-ken Keisatsu-shi Vol. 2

(Kanagawa-ken Keisatsu Honbu, Yokohama, 1974) p. 378.

22 Takemae, op. cit., p. 35.

Notes

197

23 Fujiwara Akira, Awaya Kentaro, and Yoshida Yutaka eds.,
ShDwa 20 Nen, 1945 Nen
(Sh
d
gaku-kan, 1995) p. 219.

24 Reports on many extortion cases are included in USNA Collection, GHQ/SCAP

Records, Box No. 408, Sheet No. AG(a)-00022-00023, and GHQ/SCAP Records, Box 763, Sheet No. AG(d)-03132-03133.

25 Kitamura Yoshiko, “Kizu wa Iezu” in Itsushima Tsutomu ed.,
Kuroi Haru: Bei-gun
Panpan Onna-tachi no Sengo
(T
d
go-sha, Tokyo 1953) p. 256. Kitamura worked at the Yokohama office of the CLO from late August 1945 until March 1946. In April 1946, she was employed as an office worker at one of the camp bases of the US occupation forces in Yokohama. Her memoirs provide reliable first-hand information on various crimes committed by GIs in and around Yokohama city.

26 Ibid., p. 256.

27 For example, on September 4, 1945 alone, 98 extortion cases were reported to GHQ

by the CLO, many involving the extortion of privately owned cars. However, in some cases, even police cars were extorted. See “General Headquarters US Army Pacific, Adjutant General Office, Radio and Cable Centre, Incoming Message: Japanese Government Radio NR C.L.O No. 41 DTD 9 September” in USNA Collection, GHQ/SCAP Records, Box No. 408, Sheet No. AG(a)-00022–00023. Incidentally, on the same day, some US soldiers broke into the official residence of the Mayor of Yokohama, unaware that it was the Mayor’s house. Soon they were informed that they were in the Mayor’s official residence. The report said that on “breaking into the drawing room, they asked the Mayor to sell the leopardskin hung for ornament on the wall, and upon the latter’s refusal, they drove away in a jeep.”

28 JNDL Collection, MOJ 38, “Documents on Japanese Police Activities” (Naimush
d
Keiho-kyoku, 1912–1946) Reel 13.

29 JNDL Collection,
Chian JDsei
in “Chian J
d
sei Kempei Shireibu 1945, August–September,”

Japanese Army and Navy Archives, Reel 229, T1555/f02498–02511.

30 USNA Collection, GHQ/SCAP Records, Box No. 408, Sheet No. AG(a)-00022–00023, and GHQ/SCAP Records, Box 763, Sheet No. AG(d)-03132–03133.

31 JNDL Collection, MOJ 6, Japanese Police Intelligence Reports, Reel 2, “Report on Incidents that Occurred After the Landing of the Allied Forces”; MOJ 8, “Japanese Government Documents and Censored Publications,” Reel 4, “Police Intelligence Reports”; MOJ 38, “Japanese Police Intelligence Reports,” Reel 13, “Documents Concerning the Occupation Forces.”

32 JNDL Collection, MOJ 38, “Documents on Japanese Police Activities” ( Naimush
d
Keiho-kyoku, 1912–1946) Reel 13, p. 38,3043. This document contains the names of victims and their addresses. However, I have not disclosed them for the sake of the privacy of the victims.

33 Ibid. A letter submitted by the CLO to GHQ on August 31 also refers to this case as well as the first case. See the letter marked as “CLO No. 4b” in USNA Collection, GHQ/SCAP Records, Box No. 408, Sheet No. AG(a)-00022–00023.

34 “General Headquarters US Army Pacific, Adjutant General Office, Radio and Cable Center, Incoming Message: Japanese Government Radio C.L.O–18 Cont’d: 11 cases against women” in USNA Collection, GHQ/SCAP Records, Box No. 408, Sheet No. AG(a)-00022–00023. This document also contains the names and addresses of the victims. However, for the sake of the privacy of the victims and their relatives, I have used only their initials and have deleted the details of their addresses. In fact, throughout this chapter, I have used only the initials of the rape victims, except those where there was an
attempted
rape.

35 “Tokk
d
Report No. 6478, 24 September 1945” in JNDL Collection, MOJ 8, “Japanese Government Documents and Censored Publications,” Reel 4, “Police Intelligence Reports.”

36 Ibid.

37 Takemae, op. cit., p. 40.

198

Notes

38 “Tokk
d
Report No. 7056, 2 October 1945” in JNDL Collection, MOJ 8, “Japanese Government Documents and Censored Publications,” Reel 4, “Police Intelligence Reports.”

39 The letter addressed “To the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers from the Japanese Government, Central Liaison Office, Tokyo, Sept. 3rd 1945” in USNA Collection, GHQ/SCAP Records, Box 763, Sheet No. AG(d)-03132.

40 JNDL Collection,
Chian JDsei
, “Sh
d
gai J
d
h
d
” No. 4 (September 5, 1945).

41 Ibid.

42 The letter from the Yokohama Liaison Office to the GHQ , marked as “YLO No. 21, 10 September 1945” in USNA Collection, GHQ/SCAP Records, Box No. 408, Sheet No. AG(a)-00022–00023.

43 According to one of the US occupation forces’ documents, by mid-November 1945, 130 vehicles were reported stolen by GIs in Tokyo and of these 65 were recovered.

The author of this report wrote “
only
130 vehicles have been reported stolen” [emphasis added]. See the document entitled “Crime Held to Minimum in Tokyo During Occupation” in USNA Collection, GHQ/SCAP Records, Box No. 22, MISC-00928, “Allied Council for Japan: Public Information Section.”

44 “Tokk
d
Report No. 7056, October 2, 1945” in JNDL Collection, MOJ 8, “Japanese Government Documents and Censored Publications,” Reel 4, “Police Intelligence Reports.”

45 JNDL Collection, MOJ 38, “Documents on Japanese Police Activities” (Naimush
d
Keiho-kyoku, 1912–1946) Reel 13, p. 383,111.

46 Ibid., p. 383,069.

47 Ibid., p. 383,122.

48 Sugita Tomoe, “Tsuma to natta Watashi no Kun
d
o Koete” in Mizuno Hiroshi ed.,
Shini Nozonde Uttaeru
( T
d
go-sha, 1982) pp. 191–205.
Shini Nozonde Uttaeru
was first published in 1952 under the title
Nippon no TeisD
. All the testimonies of victims of rape by GIs included in this book were written under assumed names.

49 Duke University Library Special Collection, “Eichelberger Papers,” Box10: Letters (May–December 1945) September 2, 1945.

50 Ibid.

51 Ibid., September 3, 1945.

52 See note 24 to this chapter.

53 JNDL Collection, MOJ 38, “Documents on Japanese Police Activities” ( Naimush
d
Keiho-kyoku, 1912–1946) Reel 13, p. 382,999.

54 See, for example, “Bei-gun no Miwake-kata” and “Ky
d
ryoku shite Atare Tonari-gumi: Shinch
e
-gun ni Zettai Suki o Miseruna” in
Asahi Shimbun
, September 4, 1945.

55 See, for example, “Kanagawa-ken no Joseito wa Ky
e
k
d
: Ky
d
-shokuin ga Katei o Junkai Shid
d
” in
Asahi Shimbun
, and “Shinch
e
Chiku no Joseito Jugy
d
Chushi shite yoi: Kanagawa-ken T
d
kyoku Kaku Gakk
d
e Hij
d
Sochi” in
Yomiuri HDchi
, September 5, 1945.

56 ‘Junsatsu-hei o Dashite Keikai: Beigawa mo Hannin no Genj
e
Shobatsu o Yakusu’ in
Asahi Shimbun
, September 5, 1945.

57 “Kempei Gosen-mei ga Shutsud
d
: Fush
d
ji B
d
shi ni Bei-gun Ky
d
ryoku” in
Yomiuri
HDchi
, September 15, 1945.

58 Chiba-ken Keisatsu-shi Hensan Iin-kai ed.,
Chiba-ken Keisatsu-shi Vol. 2
(Chiba-ken Keisatsu Honbu, Chiba, 1985) p. 484.

59 “Crime Held to Minimum in Tokyo During Occupation” in USNA Collection, GHQ/

SCAP Records, Box No. 22, MISC-00928, “Allied Council for Japan: Public Information Section.”

60 “Press Code for Japan” in JNDL Collection, Japanese Army and Navy Archives, Reel 225, T1531/f97699–97698, “Ts
e
cho Shorui Hensatsu: 1945. 8–10.”

61 Takemae, op. cit., pp. 77, 124, and 196. The major English sources on this issue are: Monica Braw,
The Atomic Bomb Suppressed: American Censorship in Occupied Japan
( M. E.

Notes

199

Sharpe, New York, 1991); and John Dower,
Embracing Defeat: Japan in the Wake of World
War II
( Norton, New York, 1999), Chapter 14.

62 “Amerika Minshu-shugi no Shinzui” in
Yomiuri HDchi
, September 23, 1945.

63 “Inochi no Oya: B
b
Guni-san” in
Asahi Shimbun
, September 26, 1945.

64 Both the kempeitai and Tokk
d
were abolished in October 1945, although some members of the Tokk
d
were subsequently employed by the CID (Civil Intelligence Division) of the US occupation forces.

65 Cited in Duus Masayo, op. cit., p. 75.

66 Chida Takeshi,
Kure-shi Shi Vol 8. RengD-gun no ShinchE to Kure-shi
(Kure Shiyaku-sho, Kure, 1995) pp. 431–432.

67 Hiroshima-ken Keisatsu-shi Hensh
e
Iin-kai ed.,
Shinpen Hiroshima-ken Keisatsu-shi
(Hiroshima-ken Keisatsu Renraku Ky
d
gi-kai, Hiroshima, 1954) pp. 888–889.

68 Allen S. Clifton,
Times of Fallen Blossoms
(Cassell, Melbourne, 1950) pp. 141–144.

69 Ono Toshiko, “Shini Nozonde Uttaeru” in Mizuno Hiroshi ed., op. cit., p. 16.

70 Ibid., p. 17.

71 Kanzaki Kiyoshi,
Baishun: Kettei-ban Kanzaki RepDto
(Gendaishi Shuppan-kai, Tokyo, 1974) p. 187.

72 Ono Toshiko, op. cit., pp. 18–23.

73 Kanzaki Kiyoshi, op. cit., p. 188.

74 Mizuno Hiroshi, “Watashi wa Ts
e
yaku datta” in Mizuno Hiroshi ed., op. cit., p. 287.

75 Regarding various difficulties that the Japanese police faced in investigating crimes committed by members of the Allied occupation forces, see, for example, Kanagawa-ken Keistasu-shi Hensan Iin-kai ed., op. cit., pp. 370–382. Even if a crime case was substantiated and the criminal was found, Japanese authorities lacked jurisdiction over the members of the Allied occupation forces during the occupation period.

76 Kawabe Satoko, “Watashi wa Dare ni K
d
gi Sureba Yoinoka” in Mizuno Hiroshi, ed., op. cit., pp. 151–152.