Jefferson and Hamilton (73 page)

Aaron Burr
, by John Vanderlyn. One of many Vanderlyn paintings of Burr, this one was completed near the time of the duel. (Private collection/Peter Newark American Pictures/The Bridgeman Art Library.)

The English-made, smooth-bore, flintlock pistols used by Alexander Hamilton and Aaron Burr in their July 1804 duel. The pistols were the same used by Hamilton’s son Philip in his tragic duel three years earlier. (New-York Historical Society.)

(Left) Before his death, Jefferson left explicit instructions regarding the monument to be erected over his grave, and he supplied this sketch of the marker and epitaph to be inscribed—the sketch of the marker can be seen at upper left. (Library of Congress.)

(Right) Jefferson in 1821, from a portrait painted at Monticello by Thomas Sully (this is a replica painted by Sully in 1856). The artist visited Jefferson at the behest of the faculty of the United States Military Academy, which wished to obtain a portrait of the third president. (Private collection/Photo Christie’s Images/The Bridgeman Art Library.)

Notes

PREFACE

1
. William Jefferson Clinton, Inaugural Address, January 20, 1993, in
Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: William J. Clinton, Book 1, 1993
(Washington, D.C., 1994–2002), 1:1–2.

2
. President Bill Clinton,
Between Hope and History: Meeting America’s Challenges for the 21st Century
(New York, 1996), 127.

3
. George W. Bush, “Remarks Announcing the Nomination of Henry M. Paulson, Jr., to Be Secretary of the Treasury,” May 30, 2006, in
Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: George W. Bush, 2006, Book 1, 2006
(Washington, D.C., 2010), 1:1043–45.

4
. Andrew Burstein,
The Passions of Andrew Jackson
(New York, 2003), 223–28. The quotation is on page 223.

5
. Gordon S. Wood,
Revolutionary Characters: What Made the Founders Different
(New York, 2006), 121–22.

6
. Ibid., 122.

7
. Merrill D. Peterson,
The Jeffersonian Image in the American Mind
(New York, 1960), 457.

8
. Francis D. Cogliano,
Thomas Jefferson: Reputation and Legacy
(Charlottesville, Va., 2006), 199; Paul Finkelman, “The Monster of Monticello,”
New York Times
, November 30, 2012.

9
. Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.,
A Thousand Days: John F. Kennedy in the White House
(Boston, 1965), 1, 733.

10
. Unless otherwise noted, the foregoing survey of Jefferson and Hamilton in popular thought draws on Peterson,
Jeffersonian Image in the American Mind
; Stephen F. Knott,
Alexander Hamilton and the Persistence of Myth
(Lawrence, Kan., 2002); and William Hogeland, “Inventing Alexander Hamilton: The Troubling Embrace of the Founder of American Finance,”
Boston Review
, November/December 2007,
http://bostonreview.net/BR32.6/hogeland.php
.
Quotations from Peterson can be found on pages 72, 74, 253, 260, 261, 263, 352, 356, 360, 377–78, and 385. Quotations from Knott can be found on pages 6, 49, 72, 74, 87, 88, 102, 139, 161, 190, and 203.

PROLOGUE

1
.
WW
27:287–88; GW to Marquis de Lafayette, February 1, 1784,
PGWCfed
1:87–88.

2
. GW to Lafayette, February 1, 1784,
PGWCfed
1:88; GW to Philip Schuyler, January 21, 1784, ibid., 1:68.

3
. GW to Jonathan Trumbull Jr., January 5, 1784,
PGWCfed
1:12.

4
. GW to Henry Knox, January 5, 1785,
PGWCfed
2:253; Ron Chernow,
Washington: A Life
(New York, 2010), 465; Woody Holton,
Unruly Americans and the Origins of the Constitution
(New York, 2007), 59.

5
. GW, “Circular to the States,” June 8, 1783,
WW
26:483–96.

6
. GW to John Jay, May 18, 1786,
PGWCfed
4:56.

7
. The foregoing draws on Gordon S. Wood,
The Radicalism of the American Revolution
(New York, 1992), 11–243; and Terry Bouton,
Taming Democracy: “The People,” the Founders, and the Troubled Ending of the American Revolution
(New York, 2007), 61–104.

8
. Jay to GW, June 27, 1786,
PGWCfed
4:131; GW to Jay, August 15, 1786, ibid., 4:212.

9
. AH, New York Assembly. Remarks on an Act Granting to Congress Certain Imposts and Duties, February 15, 1787,
PAH
4:71–93. The quotes are on pages 77, 83, 91, and 92.

10
.
JMB
1:653.

11
. TJ to George Wythe, August 13, 1786,
PTJ
10:244–454; TJ to Edward Carrington, January 16, August 4, 1787, ibid., 11:48–49, 678; TJ to JM, January 30, 1787, ibid., 11:92–93; TJ to GW, November 14, 1786, ibid., 10:533; TJ to Benjamin Hawkins, August 4, 1787, ibid., 11:684; TJ to Joseph Jones, August 14, 1787, ibid., 12:34.

12
. TJ to GW, August 14, 1787,
PTJ
12:36–37.

13
. GW to Lafayette, May 10, 1786,
PGWCfed
4:42; GW to Henry Lee Jr., October 31, 1786, ibid., 4:318; GW to Jay, August 15, 1786, ibid., 4:212.

CHAPTER 1: “TO MAKE A MORE UNIVERSAL ACQUAINTANCE”: UNHAPPY YOUTHS

Malone,
TJ
, 1:3–165; Peterson,
TJ
, 3–31; Brodie,
TJ
, 86–94; Chernow,
AH
, 7–53, 147–48, 203, 209, 226–27; Cooke,
AH
, 1–8; Flexner,
Young H
, 9–63; Mitchell,
AH
, 1:1–60; Brookhiser,
AH
, 13–28; Miller,
AH
, 3–8.

1
. John Ferling,
Setting the World Ablaze: Washington, Adams, Jefferson, and the American Revolution
(New York, 2000), 7.

2
. AH to Edward Stevens, November 11, 1769,
PAH
1:4.

3
. Susan Kern,
The Jeffersons at Shadwell
(New Haven, Conn., 2010), 1–40. An inventory of Peter Jefferson’s library as of 1757 can be found in ibid., 261–62.

4
. TJ to Thomas Jefferson Randolph, November 29, 1808,
FLTJ
, 362–63.

5
. This and all previous quotations above in the saga of AH’s life are from AH to William Jackson, August 26, 1800,
PAH
25:89–90.

6
. AH to James Hamilton Jr., June 22, 1785,
PAH
3:617.

7
. Quoted in Brodie,
TJ
, 71.

8
. TJ to Joseph Priestley, January 27, 1800,
PTJ
31:340. See also Kevin J. Hayes,
The Road to Monticello: The Life and Mind of Thomas Jefferson
(New York, 2008), 31–42.

9
. TJ to John Harvie, January 14, 1760,
PTJ
1:3. This paragraph draws in part on Gordon S. Wood, “The Trials and Tribulations of Thomas Jefferson,” in Peter S. Onuf, ed.,
Jeffersonian Legacies
(Charlottesville, Va., 1993), 402–3.

10
. Hayes,
Road to Monticello
, 50–56; Silvio A. Bedini,
Thomas Jefferson: Statesman of Science
(New York, 1990), 23–29. The “liberality of sentiment” quotation can be found in Hayes,
Road to Monticello
, 54.

11
. TJ, Autobiography, in Padover,
CTJ
, 1120.

12
. TJ to Vine Utley, March 21, 1819, Ford,
WTJ
9:126; TJ to William Duane, October 1,
1812, Lipscomb and Berg,
WTJ
2:420; Malone,
TJ
, 1:56–57; Harry S. Randall,
The Life of Thomas Jefferson
(New York, 1858), 1:37, 41–42.

13
. Quoted in Trevor Colbourn, ed.,
Fame and the Founding Fathers: Essays by Douglass Adair
(New York, 1974), 7.

14
. TJ to John Page, December 25, 1762,
PTJ
1:5; TJ, Autobiography, in Padover,
CTJ
, 1120.

15
. Quoted in Robert Hendrickson,
Hamilton
(New York, 1976), 1:26.

16
. AH to Stevens, November 11, 1769,
PAH
1:4.

17
. Ibid.

18
. AH to the
Royal Danish American Gazette
, April 6, 1771, September 6, October 17, 1772,
PAH
1:6–7, 34–38, 38–39.

19
. Quoted in Andrew Burstein,
The Inner Jefferson: Portrait of a Grieving Optimist
(Charlottesville, Va., 1995), 14.

20
. TJ to Page, December 25, 1762, July 15, 1763,
PTJ
1:5, 10.

21
. TJ to Page, December 25, 1762, July 15, October 7, 1763, January 19, 1764,
PTJ
1:11, 13–14.

22
. TJ to William Fleming, March 20, 1764,
PTJ
1:16.

23
. Jon Kukla,
Mr. Jefferson’s Women
(New York, 2007), 34–36. Consult Kukla’s extensive endnotes for the literature on tension headaches in general and TJ’s problems in particular.

24
. TJ to Ralph Izard, July 17, 1788,
PTJ
13:372; TJ to Thomas Jefferson Randolph, June 14, 1806, Lipscomb and Bergh,
WTJ
12:197–98; TJ, Autobiography, in Padover,
CTJ
, 1120; Randall,
Life of Thomas Jefferson
, 47; Brodie,
TJ
, 61; Page Smith,
Jefferson: A Revealing Biography
(New York, 1976), 23.

25
. Randall,
Life of Thomas Jefferson
, 58–65; Edward Dumbauld,
Thomas Jefferson and the Law
(Norman, Okla., 1978), xi.

26
. The “monastic” quote and many of the ideas in this paragraph draw on Peter S. Onuf, “Making Sense of Jefferson,” in Peter S. Onuf, ed.,
The Mind of Thomas Jefferson
(Charlottesville, Va., 2007). The “reestablish himself” quotation is from Burstein,
Inner Jefferson
, 12. The “canine appetite” quotation is from William Howard Adams,
The Paris Years of Thomas Jefferson
(New Haven, Conn., 1997), 125. See also Edmund Randolph, “Essay on the Revolutionary History of Virginia,”
Virginia Magazine of History and Biography
43 (1953): 123.

27
. This paragraph draws on Michal J. Rozbicki,
The Complete Colonial Gentleman: Cultural Legitimacy in Plantation America
(Charlottesville, Va., 1998), 7–126.

28
. Kenneth A. Lockridge,
On the Sources of Patriarchal Rage: The Commonplace Books of William Byrd and Thomas Jefferson and the Gendering of Power in the Eighteenth Century
(New York, 1992), 47–102; Douglas L. Wilson, ed.,
Jefferson’s Literary Commonplace Book
, in
Papers of Thomas Jefferson
, 2nd set (Princeton, N.J., 1989), 19, 70–71, 72, 76–77, 82, 98–99, 117–18, 126–27. See also, Kukla,
Mr. Jefferson’s Women
, 37–40.