Jefferson and Hamilton (75 page)

47
. Jay Fliegelman,
Declaring Independence: Jefferson, Natural Language, and the Culture of Performance
(Stanford, Cal., 1993), 4–28. The quotation can be found on page 10.

48
. Andrew Burstein and Nancy Isenberg,
Madison and Jefferson
(New York, 2010), 36–39. The quotation can be found on page 37.

49
. JA to Archibald Bulloch, July 1, 1776,
PJA
4:352.

50
. For Dickinson’s speech, see John Dickinson’s Notes for a Speech in Congress, [July 1, 1776],
LDC
4:351–58, 356n.

51
. On JA’s speech, see Ferling,
Independence
, 324.

52
. Maier,
American Scripture
, 235–41; Carl Becker,
The Declaration of Independence: A Study in the History of Political Ideas
(reprint, New York, 1960), 160–71; Ferling,
Independence
, 318–41; TJ to Lee, July 8, 1776,
PTJ
1:456. For a good, short essay on the Declaration, see Robert G. Parkinson, “The Declaration of Independence,” in Cogliano,
A Companion to Thomas Jefferson
, 44–59.

CHAPTER 3: “IS MY COUNTRY THE BETTER FOR MY HAVING LIVED”: MAKING THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION

1
. Hancock to TJ, September 30, 1776,
PTJ
1:523–24; Lee to TJ, September 27, November 3, 1776, ibid., 1:522–23, 590; TJ to Hancock, October 11, 1776, ibid., 1:524; TJ, Autobiography, in Padover,
CTJ
, 1151; John Ferling,
Setting the World Ablaze: Washington, Adams, Jefferson, and the American Revolution
(New York, 2000), 151;
JMB
1:425–37, 447.

2
. Andrew Burstein and Nancy Isenberg,
Madison and Jefferson
(New York, 2010), 51.

3
. [TJ],
A Summary View of the Rights of British America
(Williamsburg, Va., 1774), 122, 123, 124, 127.

4
. TJ exaggerated the similarities between colonies and mother country. See Gordon S. Wood,
The Radicalism of the American Revolution
(New York, 1992), 115–18.

5
. The foregoing paragraphs draw largely on TJ to Samuel Kercheval, July 12, 1816, Ford,
WTJ
12:4; TJ, Autobiography, in Padover,
CTJ
, 1139–40; TJ to JA, October 28, 1813,
AJL
2:388.

6
. Gordon S. Wood,
The American Revolution: A History
(New York, 2003), 91–93. The TJ quotation can be found in Thomas Jefferson,
Notes on the State of Virginia
, ed. William Peden (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1955), 128.

7
. Peterson,
TJ
, 45.

8
. TJ to JA, October 28, 1813,
AJL
2:391. TJ’s “more good sense” quotation can be found in Peterson,
TJ
, 14.

9
. TJ, Autobiography, in Padover,
CTJ
, 1121.

10
. TJ to JA, October 28, 1813,
AJL
2:389.

11
. TJ, Third Draft by Jefferson of a Constitution, [before June 13, 1776],
PTJ
1:362; TJ to JA, October 28, 1813,
AJL
2:389.

12
. TJ, Autobiography, in Padover,
CTJ
, 1144–46.

13
. TJ to Wythe, November 1, 1778,
PTJ
1:230.

14
. TJ,
Notes on the State of Virginia
, 144–45; TJ, Autobiography, in Padover,
CTJ
, 1140, 1144–47; TJ, Bill Nos. 64–76,
PTJ
2:492–522, 505–6n; John Selby,
The Revolution in Virginia
(Charlottesville, Va., 1980), 160; Bernstein,
TJ
, 38–40.

15
. TJ,
Notes on the State of Virginia
, 137–43.

16
. Ibid., 137–38. See also Paul Finkelman, “Jefferson and Slavery: ‘Treason Against the Hopes of the World,’ ” in Peter S. Onuf, ed.,
Jeffersonian Legacies
(Charlottesville, Va., 1993), 196.

17
. Jefferson’s Draft of a Constitution for Virginia, [1783],
PTJ
6:298 and the editorial note on pages 278–84. See also TJ, Autobiography, in Padover,
CTJ
, 1149–50; John Chester Miller,
The Wolf by the Ears: Thomas Jefferson and Slavery
(New York, 1977), 20–21; Robert McColley,
Slavery and Jeffersonian Virginia
(Urbana, Ill., 1973), 2–3, 72, 115–16, 120, 132–35, 143–59.

18
. TJ, Bill Nos. 51, 53,
PTJ
2:2:470–72, 475–76.

19
. Holly Brewer, “Entailing Aristocracy in Colonial Virginia: ‘Ancient Feudal Restraints’ and Revolutionary Reform,”
William and Mary Quarterly
54 (1997): 307–46. The quotes can be found on page 341.

20
. TJ, Bill No. 20,
PTJ
2:391–93, 393n.

21
. Quoted in Selby,
Revolution in Virginia
, 145.

22
. TJ, Bill No. 82,
PTJ
2:545–47. The quotation can be found on page 548. See also, ibid., 2:547–53n.

23
. TJ to JM, December 16, 1786,
PTJ
10:603–4; TJ to Wythe, August 13, 1786, ibid., 10:244; Merrill D. Peterson, “Jefferson and Religious Freedom,”
Atlantic Monthly
272 (December 1994): 113–24; Burstein and Isenberg,
Madison and Jefferson
, 56.

24
. TJ, Bills Nos. 79, 80, 81,
PTJ
2:526–45; TJ to Edward Carrington, January 16, 1787, ibid., 11:49; TJ to Wythe, August 13, 1786, ibid., 10:244; TJ,
Notes on the State of Virginia
, 146–49; TJ, Autobiography, in Padover, CTJ, 1149, 1150; TJ to JA, October 28, 1813,
AJL
2:389; Garrett Ward Shelton,
The Political Philosophy of Thomas Jefferson
(Baltimore, 1991), 65.

25
. JA to Abigail Adams, July 3, 1776, Lyman H. Butterfield et al., eds.,
Adams Family Correspondence
(Cambridge, Mass., 1963–), 2:28; JA to Richard Cranch, August 2, 1776, ibid., 2:74; TJ to Benjamin Franklin, August 13, 1777,
PTJ
2:26.

26
. TJ to Nelson, May 16, 1776,
PTJ
1:292.

27
. Wood,
The American Revolution
, 65–70.

28
. Quoted in Selby,
Revolution in Virginia
, 116.

29
. TJ, “Jefferson’s Services to His Country,” [1800?], Padover,
CTJ
, 1288.

30
. Pauline Maier,
American Scripture: Making the Declaration of Independence
(New York, 1997), 175–208.

31
. TJ, Autobiography, in Padover,
CTJ
, 1140, 1150.

32
. TJ to Fleming, July 1, 1776,
PTJ
1:412.

33
. TJ to Page, August 5, 1776,
PTJ
1:486.

34
. Lee to TJ, August 25, 1777,
PTJ
2:29.

35
. Fawn M. Brodie,
Thomas Jefferson: An Intimate History
(New York, 1974), 152–53, 159; Annette Gordon-Reed,
The Hemingses of Monticello: An American Family
(New York, 2008), 129–30, 132; On Martha Jefferson’s health, see Virginia Scharff,
The Women Jefferson Loved
(New York, 2010), 118–20. Sharff depicts Martha as fighting for her life during these difficult pregnancies.

36
. TJ to Lee, April 21, 1779,
PTJ
2:255; TJ to William Phillips, [April ?, 1779], ibid., 2:261; TJ to Henry, March 27, 1779, ibid., 2:237–44.

37
. TJ to Lee, August 30, 1778,
PTJ
2:210–11; Edmund Pendleton to TJ, May 11, 1779, ibid., 2:266.

38
. The “never to be forgotten” quote is in Gordon S. Wood,
Revolutionary Characters: What Made the Founders Different
(New York, 2006), 127.

39
. AH to ESH, October 2, 1780,
PAH
2:449.

40
. GW to John Hancock, July 12, 1776,
PGWR
5:284, 285n.

41
. John C. Hamilton,
The Life of Alexander Hamilton
(New York, 1840), 1:54.

42
. GW to Hancock, November 30, 1776,
PGWR
7:233.

43
. Quoted in Hamilton,
The Life of Alexander Hamilton
, 1:57.

44
. Quoted in Mitchell,
AH
, 1:96.

45
. GW to Hancock, November 27, December 1, 16, 1776,
PGWR
7:223, 245, 352.

46
. On Washington’s artillery, and the ratio of artillery to infantry for the engagement at Trenton, see David Hackett Fischer,
Washington’s Crossing
(New York, 2004), 223–25.

47
.
PGWR
7:458–59n.

48
. The quotes are in William M. Dwyer,
The Day Is Ours! November 1776– January 1777: An Inside View of the Battles of Trenton and Princeton
(New York, 1983), 320; Robert Beale, Memoirs, in Dennis P. Ryan, ed.,
A Salute to Courage: The American Revolution as Seen Through Wartime Writings of Officers of the Continental Army and Navy
(New York, 1979), 57;
PGWR
7:526n.

49
. Dwyer,
The Day Is Ours!
, 315–20; North Callahan, “Henry Knox: American Artillerist,” in George A. Billias, ed.,
George Washington’s Generals
(New York, 1964), 247–48.

50
. Quoted in Fischer,
Washington’s Crossing
, 321.

51
. The narrative of the campaign of 1776 draws on John Ferling,
Almost a Miracle: The American Victory in the War of Independence
(New York, 2007), 120–86; and Fischer,
Washington’s Crossing
, 94–345.

52
. Edward J. Tatum, ed.,
The American Journal of Ambrose Serle
(New York, 1969), 158; GW to Hancock, January 5, 1777,
PGWR
7:523.

53
. AH to the Convention of the Representative of the State of New-York, March 6, 1777,
PAH
1:200.

54
.
PGWR
8:117n.

55
. AH to GW, July 29[– August 1], 1798,
PAH
22:37.

56
. See John Ferling,
The Ascent of George Washington: The Hidden Political Genius of an American Icon
(New York, 2009), 104–23.

57
. GW, General Orders, March 1, 1777,
PGWR
8:468.

58
. Arthur S. Lefkowitz,
George Washington’s Indispensable Men: The 32 Aides-de-Camp Who Helped Win American Independence
(Mechanicsburg, Pa., 2003), 5, 15, 99–100.

59
. Quoted in Brookhiser,
AH
, 29.

60
. Lefkowitz,
George Washington’s Indispensable Men
, 7–14. Washington’s “Pen-men” remark can be found on page 8.

61
. GW to JA, September 25, 1798,
PGW: Ret. Ser
. 3:41–42. On GW’s handling of disappointing aides, see Lefkowitz,
George Washington’s Indispensable Men
, 28.

62
. Howard C. Rice Jr., ed.,
Travels in North America in the Years 1780, 1781 and 1782 by the Marquis de Chastellux
(Chapel Hill, N.C., 1963), 1:344.

63
. The quotations can be found in Flexner,
Young Hamilton
, 148–49.

64
. Quoted in Lefkowitz,
George Washington’s Indispensable Men
, 193.

65
. Ferling
Almost a Miracle
, 187–93, 242–43, 245–51.

66
.
PAH
1:326–27n.

67
. AH to John Hancock, September 18, 1777,
PAH
1:326.

68
. “The Diary of Robert Morton,”
Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography
1 (1877): 3–4.

69
. GW to AH, September 21, 22, 1777,
PAH
1:330–31, 332–33; AH to Hancock, September 22, 1777, ibid., 1:331–32; AH to William Livingston, September 22, 1777, ibid., 1:334; AH to Lt. Col. Anthony Walton White, September 23, 1777, ibid., 1:334–35.

70
. Ferling,
Almost a Miracle
, 253–56.

71
. GW to AH, October 30, 1777,
PAH
1:347–48.

72
. AH to Horatio Gates, November 5, 13, 1777,
PAH
1:351–53, 362–63; AH to GW, November 6, 10, 12, 15, 1777, ibid., 1:353–55, 357–60, 360–62, 363–64.

73
. AH to GW, November 12, 15, 1777,
PAH
1:360, 363.

74
. GW to William Buchanan, February 7, 1778,
PGW:R
13:465; AH to George Clinton, February 13, 1778,
PAH
1:426; Ferling,
Almost a Miracle
, 274–82. For the Paine and Lafayette quotes, see Ferling, page 276.

75
. Thomas Fleming,
Washington’s Secret War: The Hidden History of Valley Forge
(New York, 2005), 33; Nathanael Greene to GW, January 1, 1778,
PGWR
13:99.

CHAPTER 4: “IF WE ARE SAVED, FRANCE AND SPAIN MUST SAVE US”: THE FORGE OF WAR

Malone,
TJ
, 1:301–69; Peterson,
TJ
, 166–240; Chernow,
AH
, 126–66; McDonald,
AH
, 17–43; Mitchell,
AH
, 1:143–221.

1
. AH to Elias Boudinot, July 5, 1778,
PAH
1:510.

2
. Quoted in Flexner,
Young Hamilton
, 231.

3
. Proceedings of a General Court-Martial for the Trial of Major General Charles Lee, July 13, 1778,
PAH
1:520–21; ibid., 23:547n. The Lee quotation can be found in William S. Stryker,
The Battle of Monmouth
, ed. William Starr Myers (reprint, Port Washington, N.Y., 1970), 199.

4
. AH to Boudinot, July 5, 1778,
PAH
1:510–11.