Jefferson and Hamilton (78 page)

15
. TJ to Elizabeth Wayles Eppes, October 3[?], 1782,
PTJ
6:198. For the inscription on the tombstone, see Andrew Burstein and Nancy Isenberg,
Madison and Jefferson
(New York, 2010), 93.

16
. AH to Richard Kidder Meade, March 1782,
PAH
3:69.

17
. AH to Lafayette, November 3, 1782,
PAH
3:192; Duane to AH, May 5, 1782, ibid., 3:88.

18
. AH to Robert Morris, July 13, August 13, 1782,
PAH
3:108, 135; AH, “The Continentalist,” nos. 5 and 6 [April 18 and July 4, 1782], ibid., 3:75–82, 99–106. The “great Federal Republic” quotation is on page 106.

19
. AH to Richard Kidder Meade, August 27, 1782,
PAH
3:151; Morris to AH, September 12, 1782, ibid., 3:164, 164n; AH to Morris, September 28, 1782, ibid., 3:170; AH to the Public Creditors of the State of New York, September 30, 1782, ibid., 171–76. On the assembly’s resolution, see ibid., 3:241n.

20
. On JM’s background, see Burstein and Isenberg,
Madison and Jefferson
; Lance Banning,
The Sacred Fire of Liberty: James Madison and the Founding of the Federal Republic
(Ithaca, N.Y., 1995); and Jack Rakove,
James Madison and the Creation of the Federal Republic
(Glenview, Ill., 1990). The foreign observer is quoted in Brookhiser,
AH
, 52. On JM’s view, see JM to TJ, April 22, 1783,
PTJ
6:263.

21
. Banning,
Sacred Fire of Liberty
, 21–39. JM’s quotes can be found on pages 29 and 30.

22
. Superintendent Morris’s quote can be found in Miller,
AH
, 87.

23
. Worthington C. Ford et al., eds.,
The Journals of the Continental Congress
(Washington, 1904–1937), 24:291–93; Richard H. Kohn, “The Inside History of the Newburgh Conspiracy: America and the Coup d’Etat,”
William and Mary Quarterly
27 (1970): 187–220; Woody Holton,
Unruly Americans and the Origins of the Constitution
(New York, 2007), 67; Thomas Fleming,
The Perils of Peace: America’s Struggle for Survival After Yorktown
(New York, 2007), 264.

24
. Arthur Lee to Samuel Adams, January 29, 1783,
LDC
19:639.

25
. Quoted in Richard B. Morris,
The Forging of the Union, 1781–1789
(New York, 1987), 46.

26
. The preceding paragraphs draw on Richard H. Kohn,
Eagle and Sword: The Federalists and the Creation of the Military Establishment in America, 1783–1802
(New York, 1975), 20–24.

27
. AH to GW, February 13, 1783,
PAH
3:253–55.

28
. Ford,
Journals of the Continental Congress
, 24:295–97.

29
. GW, To the Officers of the Army, March 15, 1783,
WW
26:222–27.

30
. Josiah Quincy, ed.,
The Journal of Major Samuel Shaw
(Boston, 1843), 101–5.

31
. John Ferling,
A Leap in the Dark: The Struggle to Create the American Republic
(New York, 2003), 252.

32
. GW to AH, April 4, 1783,
PAH
3:315–16.

33
. GW to AH, March 31, April 4, 16, 22, 1783,
PAH
3:309–11, 315–16, 329–31, 334–37; AH to GW, April 8, 1783, ibid., 3:317.

34
. AH to John Jay, July 25, 1783,
PAH
3:417.

35
. AH to Clinton, January 12, 1783,
PAH
3:240; Kohn,
Eagle and Sword
, 49.

36
. GW, “Sentiments on a Peace Establishment” (1783),
WW
26:374–98; GW to AH, May 2, 1781,
PAH
3:346–47.

37
. Continental Congress Report on a Military Peace Establishment, June 18, 1783,
PAH
3:378–97. These paragraphs draw on Kohn,
Eagle and Sword
, 40–48.

38
. GW to Duane, September 7, 1783,
WW
27:133–40; GW, Observations on an Intended Report of a Committee of Congress on a Peace Establishment, September 8, 1783, ibid., 27:140–44; Kohn,
Eagle and Sword
, 50–62.

39
. AH to ESH, July 22, 1783,
PAH
3:413.

40
. AH to Jay, July 25, 1783,
PAH
3:416; AH, Unsubmitted Resolution Calling for a Convention to Amend the Articles of Confederation” (July 1783), ibid., 3:420–26.

41
. TJ to Samuel Kercheval, July 12, 1816, in Merrill D. Peterson, ed.,
The Portable Thomas Jefferson
(New York, 1975), 553–54; AH to Clinton, February 24[–27], 1783,
PAH
3:268–74.

42
. AH to Robert R. Livingston, July 23, 1783,
PAH
3:414; AH, Unsubmitted Resolution Calling for a Convention, (July 1783), ibid., 3:425.

43
. AH to Jay, July 25, 1783,
PAH
3:416–17.

44
. TJ to JM, November 26, 1782,
PTJ
6:207; TJ to G. K. van Hogendorp, May 4, 1784, ibid., 7:208; TJ, Autobiography, in Padover,
CTJ
1151.

45
.
JMB
1:525.

46
. Resolution of Congress Releasing Jefferson from His Commission to Negotiate Peace, April 1, 1783,
PTJ
6:259; Ferling,
A Leap in the Dark
, 247–48. TJ was in Philadelphia from late December until late January, when he journeyed to Baltimore, where he planned to sail for Paris on a French vessel. When Congress put him on hold, he returned to Philadelphia on February 26 and remained in the city until April 12. It was during that period of approximately seventy-five days that AH and TJ might have met. See
JMB
1:525–30.

47
. TJ to Isaac Zane, June 17, 1783,
PTJ
6:317.

48
. GW, Address to Congress on Resigning His Commission, December 23, 1783,
WW
27:284–85.

49
. TJ to Harrison, December 24, 1783,
PTJ
6:419; TJ to JM, January 1, February 20, 1784, ibid., 6:436, 546.

50
. Jefferson’s Notes on Coinage,
PTJ
7:175–85, 150–60n.

51
. TJ to Marbois, December 5, 1783,
PTJ
6:374; TJ to Martha (Patsy) Jefferson, November 28, December 11, 22, 1783, January 15, February 18, March 19, 1784, ibid., 6:360, 380, 465, 543–44; 7:43–44.

52
. TJ to William Short, March 1, 1784,
PTJ
6:569.

53
. TJ, Report of the Committee, March 1, 1784,
PTJ
6:603–5. See also the editorial note in ibid., 6:581–600n.

54
. TJ, Observations on [Jean Nicolas] Démeunier’s Manuscript, June 26, 1786,
PTJ
10:58.

55
. TJ to William Short, May 7, 1784,
PTJ
7:229.

56
. Annette Gordon-Reed,
The Hemingses of Monticello: An American Family
(New York, 2008), 156–60.

CHAPTER 7: “THEY WILL GO BACK GOOD REPUBLICANS”: JEFFERSON IN PARIS

Malone,
TJ
, 2:3–255; Brodie,
TJ
, 233–318; Peterson,
TJ
, 297–389.

1
.
JMB
1:554–57, 556–57n.

2
. Howard C. Rice Jr.,
Thomas Jefferson’s Paris
(Princeton, N.J., 1976), 3.

3
. TJ to Mme de Corny, June 30, 1787,
PTJ
11:509–10; TJ to Peter Carr, August 19, 1785, ibid., 8:407; Rice,
Thomas Jefferson’s Paris
, 52, 103; Edward Dumbauld,
Thomas Jefferson, American Tourist: Being an Account of His Journeys
(Norman, Okla., 1946), 14–15; Annette Gordon-Reed,
The Hemingses of Monticello: An American Family
(New York, 2008), 225–26, 231.

4
.
JMB
1:560, 560n.

5
. Abigail Adams to John Thaxter, March 20, 1785, in L. H. Butterfield et al., eds.,
Adams Family Correspondence
(Cambridge, Mass., 1963–), 6:80; Abigail Adams to TJ, June 6, 1785,
AJL
1:28; TJ to JM, January 30, 1787,
PTJ
11:94–95.

6
. Edith B. Gelles,
Abigail and John: Portrait of a Marriage
(New York, 2009), 165–66; David McCullough,
John Adams
(New York, 2001), 328; Abigail Adams to Cotton Tufts, March 8, 1785, in Butterfield,
Adams Family Correspondence
, 6:78; Abigail Adams to Mary Smith Cranch, May 8, 1785, ibid., 6:119. On Abigail Adams shopping for TJ, see ibid., 6:391, 414–16, 422–23, 463, 496, 497. For an excellent account of an American’s struggles to adjust to French culture and society—in this instance, Abigail Adams—see Gelles,
Abigail and John
, 168–74.

7
. See the entries, and often the editorial notes, in
JMB
1:559, 566, 576, 577, 594, 607, 615, 630, 636, 646, 651, 652, 686, 710, 712, 714, 726, 728, 731, 736, 738, 740, 741, and 743. See also Rice,
Thomas Jefferson’s Paris
, 122. Jefferson’s remark about shopping in bookstores almost daily is quoted in Kevin J. Hayes,
The Road to Monticello: The Life and Mind of Thomas Jefferson
(New York, 2008), 283.

8
. See Malone,
TJ
, 2:118.

9
.
JMB
1:561, 563, 567, 600, 604, 609, 611, 626, 630, 635, 638, 648, 651, 683, 684, 693, 729, 731, 732, 734; TJ to Angelica Schuyler Church, February 17, July 27, August 17, 1788,
PTJ
12:60–1; 13:422–23, 520–21; Andrew Burstein,
The Inner Jefferson: Portrait of a Grieving Optimist
(Charlottesville, Va., 1995), 107–9.

10
. TJ to James Monroe, November 11, 1784, June 17, 1785,
PTJ
7:512, 8:229–31.

11
. Quoted in Peterson,
TJ
, 316.

12
. TJ to JM, January 30, 1787,
PTJ
11:95–96.

13
. Thomas Paine,
Common Sense
(1776), in Philip S. Foner, ed.,
The Complete Writings of Thomas Paine
(New York, 1945), 1:20.

14
. Quoted in Max M. Mintz,
Gouverneur Morris and the American Revolution
(Norman, Okla., 1970), 207.

15
. TJ to John Jay, February 1, 1787,
PTJ
11:101; TJ to JM, January 30, 1787, ibid., 11:96.

16
. Abigail Adams to Elizabeth Smith Shaw, April 24, 1786, Butterfield,
Adams Family Correspondence
, 7:149; Abigail Adams to TJ, June 6, 1785,
AJL
1:28. Abigail Adams’s “in the dumps” quotation can be found in John Ferling,
Adams vs. Jefferson: The Tumultuous Election of 1800
(New York, 2004), 28.

17
.
DAJA
3:184–86, 187n.

18
. JA to Jay, June 26, July 19, 29, October 21, November 1, 1785, February 14, 1788, in Charles Francis Adams, ed.,
The Works of John Adams
(Boston, 1850–56), 8:274–75, 282, 289, 331, 336, 476; TJ to Page, May 4, 1786,
PTJ
9:446; TJ to William Stephens Smith, September 28, 1787, ibid., 12:193.

19
. TJ to Page, May 4, 1786,
PTJ
9:445–46.

20
. A Fourth of July Tribute to Jefferson, July 4, 1789,
PTJ
15:239; Beatrix Cary Davenport, ed.,
A Diary of the French Revolution by Gouverneur Morris
(Boston, 1939), 1:8, 10, 14, 16, 18, 23, 29, 34, 37, 46, 48, 49, 50, 159n; Morris to GW November 12, 1788, ibid., 1:xxxii;
JMB
1:726.

21
. Davenport,
A Diary of the French Revolution
, 1:197, 488; Jon Kukla,
Mr. Jefferson’s Women
(New York, 2007), 86–92.

22
. TJ to Maria Cosway, April 24, 1788,
PTJ
13:104; Maria Cosway to TJ, September 20, October 5, 1786, ibid., 10:393–94, 433.

23
. TJ to Maria Cosway, October 5, 12, 1786,
PTJ
10:431–32, 448.

24
. TJ to Maria Cosway, October 12, 1786,
PTJ
10:443–53.

25
. TJ to Maria Cosway, November 29, December 24, 1786,
PTJ
10:555, 627. On Trumbull as courier, see Burstein,
The Inner Jefferson
, 76–79.

26
. Maria Cosway to TJ, February 15, 1787,
PTJ
11:148.

27
. TJ to Maria Cosway, July 1, 1787,
PTJ
11:520.

28
. Maria Cosway to TJ, December 10, 25, 1787,
PTJ
12:415, 459–60.

29
. Maria Cosway to TJ, November 13, 24, 1794, December 4, 1795,
PTJ
28:201, 209–10, 543–44.

30
. TJ to Maria Cosway, January 31, April 24, 1788, May 21, 1789,
PTJ
12:540; 13:103–4; 15:143.

31
. TJ to Maria Cosway, June 23, 1790,
PTJ
16:551. The nature of TJ’s relationship with Maria Cosway has been variously interpreted. For good accounts, which do not always tally with my interpretation, see Kukla,
Mr. Jefferson’s Women
, 92–114; Virginia Scharff,
The Women Jefferson Loved
(New York, 2010), 204–8; Burstein,
The Inner Jefferson
, 75–107; and William Howard Adams,
The Paris Years of Thomas Jefferson
(New Haven, Conn., 1997), 222–35.

32
. On the delay in sending Polly, and the other decisions of the Eppeses, see the account in Scharff,
The Women Jefferson Loved
, 166–80.

33
. Abigail Adams to TJ, June 26, 27, July 6, 1787,
AJL
1:178, 179, 180–82.

34
. For the background of Sally Hemings and the Hemings family, and for James
Hemings’s life and training in Paris, see Gordon-Reed,
The Hemingses of Monticello
, 153–209; and Annette Gordon-Reed,
Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings: An American Controversy
(Charlottesville, Va., 1997), 158–69. On TJ being afraid to be in Abigail Adams’s presence with one of his slaves, see Conor Cruise O’Brien,
The Long Affair: Thomas Jefferson and the French Revolution, 1785–1800
(Chicago, 1996), 23–24.