Jefferson and Hamilton (79 page)

35
. TJ to Paul Bentalou, August 25, 1786,
PTJ
10:296. The account of Sally Hemings’s background and residence in Paris, as well as on France’s slave laws, draws on Gordon-Reed,
The Hemingses of Monticello
, 209–325. For the quotations describing Sally Hemings, see ibid., 271.

36
. TJ to Charles Bellini, September 20, 1785,
PTJ
8:569; TJ to GW, December 4, 1788, ibid., 14:330.

37
. TJ to Bellini, September 30, 1785,
PTJ
8:568; TJ to JM, October 28, 1785, ibid., 8:681–82; TJ to Lafayette, April 11, 1787, ibid., 11:285.

38
. TJ to Eliza House Trist, August 18, 1785,
PTJ
8:440; TJ to Joseph Jones, August 14, 1787, ibid., 12:34; TJ to JM, January 30, 1787, ibid., 11:92–93.

39
. TJ to Wythe, August 13, 1786,
PTJ
10:244.

40
. TJ to GW, May 2, 1788,
PTJ
13:128; Jefferson’s Observations on Demeunier’s Manuscript, [February (?)–June 22, 1786], ibid., 10:52; TJ to David Ramsay, August 4, 1787, ibid., 11:687; TJ to Edward Carrington, January 16, 1787, ibid., 11:49.

41
. TJ to Jay, October 8, 1787,
PTJ
12:218; TJ to JM, August 2, 1787, ibid., 11:664; TJ to Benjamin Hawkins, August 4, 1787, ibid., 11:684.

42
. TJ to Ramsay, August 4, 1787,
PTJ
11:687; TJ to Trist, August 18, 1785, ibid., 8:404; TJ to Bellini, September 30, 1785, ibid., 8:569; TJ to Monroe, June 17, 1785, ibid., 8:233.

43
. An excellent analysis of TJ’s outlook on the iniquities inherent in an urban manufacturing society can be found in Peter Onuf,
Jefferson’s Empire: The Language of American Nationhood
(Charlottesville, Va., 2000), 69–79. For a good overview of his ideas, see Drew McCoy, “Political Economy,” in Merrill D. Peterson, ed.,
Thomas Jefferson: A Reference Biography
(New York, 1986), 106–12.

44
. TJ to JM, October 28, 1785,
PTJ
8:682.

45
. See Daniel P. Szatmary,
Shays’ Rebellion: The Making of an Agrarian Insurrection
(Amherst, Mass., 1980).

46
. GW to Henry Knox, December 26, 1786,
PGW:Cfed
4:481–83; Jay to TJ, October 27, 1786,
PTJ
10:488; JM to TJ, March 18, 1787, ibid., 11:222–23; Abigail Adams to TJ, January 29, 1787,
AJL
1:168.

47
. TJ to William Stephens Smith, November 13, 1787,
PTJ
12:356.

48
. TJ to AA, February 22, 1787,
AJL
1:173; TJ to JM, January 30, 1787,
PTJ
11:93; TJ to Ezra Stiles, December 24, 1786, ibid., 10:629; TJ to Smith, November 13, 1787, ibid., 12:356.

49
. TJ to John de Crèvecoeur, August 6, 1787,
PTJ
11:692; TJ to Jay, January 9, June 21, 1787, ibid., 11:31–32, 489; TJ to Monroe, August 9, 1788, ibid., 13:489.

50
. TJ to Jay, May 23, August 3, 1788,
PTJ
13:190, 464; TJ to Anne Willing Bingham, May 11, 1788, ibid., 13:151; TJ to GW, December 4, 1788, ibid., 14:330; TJ, Autobiography, in Padover,
CTJ
, 1176.

51
. TJ to JM, January 30, 1787,
PTJ
11:95; TJ to Lafayette, June 3, 1789, ibid., 15:165–66; TJ to Rabaut de St. Etienne, June 3, 1789, ibid., 15:166–67; TJ, Draft of a Charter of Rights, [June 3, 1789], ibid., 15:167–68; TJ, Autobiography, in Padover,
CTJ
, 1177, 1182. I am indebted to Conor Cruise O’Brien, who noted that JM had advised TJ in 1784 that as Lafayette’s “future friendship” might be helpful to the United States, “prudence requires us to cultivate” his
affection. See O’Brien,
The Long Affair
, 333n. For good accounts of TJ’s activities, see Philipp Ziesche, “Exporting American Revolutions: Gouverneur Morris, Thomas Jefferson, and the National Struggle for Universal Rights in Revolutionary France,”
Journal of the Early Republic
26 (2006): 437–40; and Adams,
Paris Years of Thomas Jefferson
, 251–95.

52
. TJ, Autobiography, in Padover
CTJ
, 1183, 1185, 1188.

53
. Ibid., 1190; TJ to JM, September 6, 1789,
PTJ
15:392–97.

54
. TJ, Autobiography, in Padover,
CTJ
1187.

55
. TJ, Answers to [François] Soulés’s Queries [September 13–18, 1786],
PTJ
10:380; TJ, To the Editor of
Journal de Paris
, August 29, 1787, ibid., 12:61–65.

56
. A Fourth of July Tribute to Jefferson, July 4, 1789,
PTJ
15:239–40. See also, Pauline Maier,
American Scripture: Making the Declaration of Independence
(New York, 1997), 169–70.

CHAPTER 8: “TO CHECK THE IMPRUDENCE OF DEMOCRACY”: HAMILTON AND THE NEW CONSTITUTION

Chernow,
AH
, 184–273; Brookhiser,
AH
, 55–74; Miller,
AH
, 120–215; McDonald,
AH
, 71–115; Cooke,
AH
, 31–72; Mitchell,
AH
, 329–465; Malone,
TJ
, 2:203–13.

1
.
PAH
3:597.

2
. James Hamilton to AH, May 31, 1785,
PAH
3:612; AH to James Hamilton, June 22, 1785, ibid., 3:617–18.

3
. Nathan Schachner, ed., “Alexander Hamilton Viewed by His Friends: The Narratives of Robert Troup and Hercules Mulligan,”
William and Mary Quarterly
4 (April 1947): 209.

4
. Quoted in Cooke,
AH
, 38.

5
. [AH], “A Letter from Phocion to the Considerate Citizens of New York” (January 1784),
PAH
3:483–97; [AH], Second Letter from Phocion (April 1784), ibid., 530–58; AH to Gouvernor Morris, February 21, 1784, ibid., 3:512. The quotations on prejudice and discrimination can be found in AH’s first Phocion letter, ibid., 3:484.

6
. AH, “A Letter from Phocion,”
PAH
3:485, 486.

7
. Ibid., 3:486, 488; AH, “Second Letter from Phocion,” ibid., 3:550. See also, Bernard Bailyn,
The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution
(Cambridge, Mass., 1967), 26–54, 175–81; H. Trevor Colbourn,
The Lamp of Experience: Whig History and the Intellectual Origins of the American Revolution
(Chapel Hill, N.C., 1965), 6–9.

8
. AH to Gouverneur Morris, February 21, 1784,
PAH
3:513.

9
. Quoted in Lawrence S. Kaplan,
Alexander Hamilton: Ambivalent Anglophile
(Wilmington, Del., 2002), 63.

10
. John P. Kaminski,
George Clinton: Yeoman Politician of the New Republic
(Madison, Wisc., 1993), 96–105.

11
. AH to ESH, March 17, 1785,
PAH
3:599.

12
. Merrill Jensen,
The New Nation: A History of the United States During the Confederation, 1783–1789
(New York, 1950), 114–15, 125, 133–34, 145–48, 192, 196, 200–202, 211, 215; Abigail Adams to JA, May 2, 1784, L. H. Butterfield, et al., eds.,
Adams Family Correspondence
(Cambridge, Mass., 1963–), 5:330; Benjamin Franklin to Ferdinand Grand, January 29, March 6, 1786, in A. H. Smyth, ed.,
Writings of Benjamin Franklin
(New York, 1905–7), 9:482–93; Franklin to David Hartley, October 27, 1785, ibid., 9:472; Franklin to Jonathan Shipley, February 24, 1786, ibid., 9:489; GW to la Luzerne, August 1, 1786,
PGWCfed
4:186; Jefferson’s Reply to the Representations of Affairs in America by British Newspapers, [November 20, 1784],
PTJ
7:540.

13
. Woody Holton,
Unruly Americans and the Origins of the Constitution
(New York, 2007), 26–45, 65–66, 136.

14
. GW, “Circular to the States,” June 8, 1783,
WW
26:486.

15
. GW to Benjamin Harrison, October 10, 1784,
PGWCfed
2:92.

16
. On postwar western issues, see John Ferling,
A Leap in the Dark: The Struggle to Create the American Republic
(New York, 2003); and Richard B. Morris,
The Forging of the Union, 1781–1789
(New York, 1987), 232–44.

17
. Charles Thomson to TJ, May 19, 1785,
PTJ
7:273; David Ramsay to Benjamin Rush, February 11, 1786,
LDC
23:148.

18
. GW to Henry Lee, October 31, 1786,
PGWCfed
4:318; GW to William Grayson, July 26, 1786, ibid., 4:169; GW to JM, November 5, 1786, ibid., 4:331; GW, Circular to the States, June 8, 1783,
WW
26:486.

19
. [Joseph Galloway],
A Candid Examination of the Mutual Claims of Great Britain, and the Colonies: With a Plan of Accommodation on Constitutional Principles
(New York, 1775), 32–33.

20
. Gordon S. Wood,
The American Revolution: A History
(New York, 2003), 140; Sean Wilentz,
The Rise of American Democracy: Jefferson to Lincoln
(New York, 2005), 13–31.

21
. Merrill Jensen,
The American Revolution Within America
(New York, 1974), 50–166. The quotations are on pages 101 and 104–5.

22
. AH to Robert Livingston, April 15, 1785,
PAH
3:609.

23
. AH to Robert Morris, August 13, 1783,
PAH
3:139; AH to Livingston, April 15, 1785, ibid., 3:608–9; Alfred F. Young,
The Democratic Republicans of New York: The Origins, 1763–1797
(Chapel Hill, N.C., 1967), 9, 21, 29–30, 44, 62, 572; E. Wilder Spaulding,
New York in the Critical Period, 1783–1789
(reprint, Port Washington, N.Y., 1963), 185; Roger Champagne,
Alexander McDougall and the American Revolution
(Schenectady, N.Y., 1975, 211–12; Thomas Cochran,
New York in the Confederation: An Economic Study
(reprint, Clifton, N.J., 1972), 136–37, 149, 170; Wood,
American Revolution
, 139–42; Kaminski,
George Clinton
, 104; Jensen,
American Revolution Within America
, 102; E. Wilder Spaulding, “Abraham Yates,” in
Dictionary of American Biography
(New York, 1929–1937), 20:597–98; Abraham Yates to Robert Yates, June 9, 1787,
LDC
24:320; Yates to Henry Oothoudt and Jeremiah Van Rensselaer, August 29, 1787, ibid., 24:411; William Blount to Richard Caswell, January 28, 1787,
LDC
24:76.

24
. AH to Livingston, April 25, 1785,
PAH
3:609. The preceding paragraphs draw on Gordon S. Wood, “Interests and Disinterestedness in the Making of the Constitution,” in Gordon S. Wood,
The Idea of America: Reflections on the Birth of the United States
(New York, 2011), 127–69. The Henry Knox quotation is in Wood, page 134, while the “plebian despotism” and “fangs” quotations are in Jensen,
American Revolution Within America
, 155.

25
. William Grayson to JM, May 28, 1786,
PJM
9:64; JM to Monroe, January 22, March 14, 18, 1786, ibid., 8:483, 497–98, 505–6.

26
. The two preceding paragraphs draw on Jensen,
New Nation
, 418–20; and Morris,
Forging of the Union
, 252–53.

27
. AH to William Hamilton, May 2, 1797,
PAH
21:77–78.

28
. AH to ESH, September 8, 1786,
PAH
3:684; Address of the Annapolis Convention, September 14, 1786, ibid., 3:686–90; Stuart Leibiger,
Founding Friendship: George Washington, James Madison, and the Creation of the American Republic
(Charlottesville, Va., 1999), 61–62.

29
. GW to Knox, December 26, 1786,
PGWCfed
4:481–82.

30
. AH, New York Assembly. Remarks on an Act Granting to Congress Certain Imposts and Duties, February 15, 1787,
PAH
4:71–92. The quotations can be found on pages 83–84, and 91.

31
. For those who predominated in the Philadelphia Convention, see Clinton Rossiter,
1787: The Grand Convention
(New York, 1966), 138–56, 241–54.

32
. AH to GW, July 3, 1787,
PAH
4:224.

33
. Four delegates at the Philadelphia Convention took notes on AH’s presentation: Madison, Robert Yates, John Lansing, and Rufus King. Though varying in detail, the four sets of notes are in general agreement on what AH said. See
PAH
4:187–207. Outlines that AH prepared to guide him in making his remarks can also be found in ibid., 4:178–87, 207–9.

34
. Max Farrand, ed.,
The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787
(New Haven, Conn., 1937), 1:363.

35
. Richard K. Matthews,
The Radical Politics of Thomas Jefferson: A Revisionist View
(Lawrence, Kan., 1984), 102.

36
. AH, Speech on a Plan of Government, June 18, 1787,
PAH
4:189, 193;
The Federalist
, no. 6 and 68, ibid., 4:310, 311, 312, 589.

37
. Some of this paragraph draws on Gordon S. Wood, “The Radicalism of Thomas Jefferson and Thomas Paine Considered,” in Wood,
Idea of America
, 213–28. AH’s “pernicious dreams” quotation can be found in Wood, 222. See TJ’s three drafts of a proposed constitution for Virginia in 1776, as well as his 1783 draft, in
PTJ
1:337–64; 6:294–305. The quotation is from TJ, Albemarle County Instructions Concerning the Virginia Constitution [1783], ibid., 6:287.

38
. Constitutional Convention. Remarks on Equality of Representation of the States in the Congress, June 29, 1787,
PAH
4:220–21, 221–23n.

39
. For GW’s diary while attending the Constitutional Convention, see Donald Jackson et al. eds.,
The Diaries of George Washington
(Charlottesville, Va., 1976–1979), 5:156–86.