Jefferson and Hamilton (80 page)

40
. AH to Rufus King, August 28, 1787,
PAH
4:238; Constitutional Convention, AH’s Remarks on Signing the Constitution, September 17, 1787, ibid., 4:253. For a good summary of the convention, see Wood,
American Revolution
, 151–58.

41
. Pauline Maier,
Ratification: The People Debate the Constitution, 1787–1788
(New York, 2010), 93.

42
. AH, To the [New York]
Daily Advertiser
, July 21, 1787, July 21, 1787,
PAH
4:229–32. The quotes can be found on pages 229 and 232.

43
.
PAH
4:281n.

44
. The quotations are in Chernow,
AH
, 245.

45
. AH to GW, October 11–15, 1787,
PAH
4:280–81; GW to AH, October 18, 1787, ibid., 4:284–85.

46
.
The Federalist
, nos. 1 and 15. The quotations can be found in
PAH
4:301 and 357.

47
.
The Federalist
, nos. 25. The quotation can be found in
PAH
4:425.

48
.
The Federalist
, nos. 6, 8, 11, and 24. The quotations can be found in
PAH
4:310–11, 314, 328, 332, 340, and 346.

49
.
The Federalist
, no. 60. The quotations can be found in
PAH
4:545.

50
.
The Federalist
, nos. 67–77. The quotations can be found in
PAH
4:587, 589, and 627.

51
.
The Federalist
, nos. 27, 66, and 78. See the Gottfried Dietze,
The Federalist: A Classic on Federalism and Free Government
(Baltimore, Md., 1960), 141–75; and Jill Lepore, “Benched,”
New Yorker
(June 18, 2012): 77–82.

52
. Maier,
Ratification
, 84.

53
. Melancton Smith to Nathan Dane, June 28, 1788, in Merrill Jensen, John P. Kaminski et al., eds.,
The Documentary History of the Ratification of the Constitution
(Madison, Wisc., 1976–), 22:2015–16; Jane Butzner, comp.,
Constitutional Chafe: Rejected Suggestions of the Constitutional Convention of 1787
(reprint, Port Washington, N.Y., 1970), 162.

54
. For AH’s numerous speeches and his comments in the debates, see
PAH
5:14–34, 36–60, 62–89, 92–135, 138–40, 141–47, 149–60, 163–77, 178–85, and 188–96. His contradictory comments on the states can be found in AH, Speech on a Plan of Government, June 18, 1787, ibid., 4:191; and AH, Remarks to the New York Ratifying Convention, June 27, 1788, ibid., 5:100.

55
. For the best account of the long, complicated New York ratifying convention, see Maier,
Ratification
, 340–400, upon which my account draws, but also see John Kaminski, “New York: The Reluctant Pillar,” in Stephen L. Schecter, ed.,
The Reluctant Pillar: New York and the Adoption of the Federal Constitution
(Troy, N.Y., 1985), 48–117.

56
. TJ to Demeunier, June 24, 1786,
PTJ
10:14; JM to TJ, March 19, 1787, ibid., 11:219–20; TJ to JM, June 20, 1787, ibid. 11:480–81; TJ to JA, August 30, 1787,
AJL
1:196.

57
. TJ to JA, November 13, 1787,
AJL
1:212; TJ to JM, December 20, 1787,
PTJ
12:439–42; TJ to William Stephens Smith, November 13, 1787, February 2, 1788, ibid., 12:356–57; TJ to John Rutledge Jr., February 2, 1788, ibid., 12:557; TJ to Francis Hopkinson, March 13, 1789, ibid., 14:650; TJ to Edward Carrington, December 21, 1787, ibid., 12:446. The “energetic government is always oppressive” quotation is in Malone,
TJ
, 2:169.

58
. TJ to JM, July 31, 1788,
PTJ
13:442.

59
. AH to GW, August 13, 1788,
PAH
5:201–2.

60
. AH to GW, September [?], November 18, 1788,
PAH
5:220–22, 233–34; John Ferling,
The Ascent of George Washington: The Hidden Political Genius of an American Icon
(New York, 2009), 273–75.

61
. TJ to Jay, November 19, 1788,
PTJ
14:214–15; TJ to Elizabeth Wayles Eppes, December 15, 1788, ibid., 14:355; TJ to JM, August 28, 1789, ibid., 15:368–69.

62
. TJ to Nicholas Lewis, July 29, 1787,
PTJ
11:640.

63
. JM to TJ, May 27, 1789,
PTJ
15:153.

64
. Annette Gordon-Reed,
The Hemingses of Monticello: An American Family
(New York, 2008), 326–27; “The Memoirs of Madison Hemings,” in Annette Gordon-Reed,
Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings: An American Controversy
(Charlottesville, Va., 1997), 246.

65
. Maria Cosway to TJ, August 19, 1789,
PTJ
15:351. TJ received her letter on August 27.

CHAPTER 9: “THE GREATEST MAN THAT EVER LIVED WAS JULIUS CAESAR”: THE THRESHOLD OF PARTISAN WARFARE

Chernow,
AH
, 270–390; McDonald,
AH
, 117–236; Miller,
AH
, 219–321; Cooke,
AH
, 73–96; Brookhiser,
AH
, 75–100; Malone,
TJ
2:242–370 and 3:198–206; Peterson,
TJ
, 390–446; Cunningham,
TJ
, 131–70.

1
. John P. Kaminski and Jill Adair McCaughan, eds.,
A Great and Good Man: George Washington in the Eyes of His Contemporaries
(Madison, Wisc., 1989), 117–21.

2
. JA to GW, May 17, 1789,
PGWP
2:312–141; AH to GW, May 5, 1789,
PAH
5:335–36; Ron Chernow,
Washington: A Life
(New York, 2010), 577.

3
. Kenneth R. Bowling and Helen E. Veit, eds.,
The Diary of William Maclay and Other Notes on Senate Debates
(Baltimore, Md., 1988), 342, 349; Worthington C. Ford,
The True George Washington
(Philadelphia, 1896), 174; John Ferling,
The Ascent of George Washington: The Hidden Political Genius of an American Icon
(New York, 2009), 278–80; Douglas South-all Freeman,
George Washington
(New York, 1948–1957), 6:77–78; Forrest McDonald,
The Presidency of George Washington
(Lawrence, Kans., 1974), 28–30; John C. Miller,
The Federalist Era, 1789–1801
(New York, 1960), 5–10; Stanley Elkins and Eric McKitrick,
The Age of Federalism
(New York, 1993), 49; Gordon S. Wood,
Empire of Liberty: A History of the Early Republic, 1789–1815
(New York, 2009), 75–85; John Ferling,
The First of Men: A Life of George Washington
(reprint, New York, 2010), 377. The McHenry quote can be found in Wood,
Empire of Liberty
, 75.

4
. McDonald,
Presidency of George Washington
, 36–38; Chernow,
Washington
, 619; Wood,
Empire of Liberty
, 91.

5
. JM to TJ, May 27, June 30, 1789,
PTJ
15:153, 228.

6
. Wood,
Empire of Liberty
, 93–94.

7
. Quoted in Thomas K. McCraw,
The Founders and Finance: How Hamilton, Gallatin, and Other Immigrants Forged a New Economy
(Cambridge, Mass., 2012), 92.

8
. AH, Report on Public Credit, January 9, 1790 [submitted on January 14, 1790],
PAH
6:65–168; McCraw,
The Founders and Finance
, 95.

9
. Mark Schmeller, “The Political Economy of Opinion: Public Credit and Concepts of Public Opinion in the Age of Federalism,”
Journal of the Early Republic
29 (2009): 49; McCraw,
The Founders and Finance
, 97–98.

10
. Quoted in Wood,
Empire of Liberty
, 103.

11
. Chernow,
Washington
, 598.

12
. TJ to GW, December 15, 1789, February 14, 1790,
PTJ
16:34–35, 184; GW to TJ, January 21, 1790, ibid., 16:116–18.

13
. TJ to Jean Nicolas Démeunier, April 29, 1795,
PTJ
28:341; TJ to Robert Lewis, October 5, 1791, ibid., 22:186; Henry Wiencek,
Master of the Mountain: Thomas Jefferson and His Slaves
(New York, 2012), 89.

14
. JM to GW, January 4, 1790,
PGWP
4:536–37; TJ to JM, February 20,
PTJ
6:550. For a full account of the evolution on the relationship between TJ and JM, see Andrew Burstein and Nancy Isenberg,
Madison and Jefferson
(New York, 2010), 65–217.

15
. TJ, Anas, February 4, 1818, in Padover,
CTJ
, 1207–8. On TJ’s clothing styles and his switch to a more republican attire, see Deborah Norris Logan, ed.,
Memoir of Dr. George Logan of Stanton
(Philadelphia, 1899), 50.

16
. TJ to Benjamin Rush, January 16, 1811,
PTJ: Ret. Ser
. 3:305.

17
. William Maclay,
The Journal of William Maclay: United States Senator from Pennsylvania, 1789–1791
(New York, 1927), 265–66.

18
. On the break between JM and AH, see Lance Banning,
The Sacred Fire of Liberty: James Madison and the Founding of the Federal Republic
(Ithaca, N.Y., 1995); Alan Gibson, “The Madisonian Madison and the Question of Consistency: The Significance and Challenge of New Research,”
Review of Politics
64 (2002): 311–38; Gordon S. Wood,
Revolutionary Characters: What Made the Founders Great
(New York, 2006), 143–72; and Michael Schwarz, “The Great Divergence Reconsidered: Hamilton, Madison, and U.S. British Relations, 1783–1789,”
Journal of the Early Republic
27 (2007): 407–36.

19
. TJ to David Howell, June 23, 1790,
PTJ
16:553; Lance Banning,
The Jeffersonian Persuasion: Evolution of a Party Ideology
(Ithaca, N.Y., 125–51.

20
. Benjamin Rush to JM, April 10, 1790,
PJM
13:146; Maclay,
Journal of William Maclay
, 184, 189, 204, 205, 267, 301, 325. The “eastern phalanx” quote is in Chernow,
AH
, 327.

21
. JA to Benjamin Rush, January 25, 1806, in John Schutz and Douglass Adair, eds.,
The Spur of Fame: Dialogues of John Adams and Benjamin Rush, 1805–13
(San Marino, Cal., 1966), 48. The newspaper essay on AH as arrogant is cited in Joanne Freeman,
Affairs of Honor: National Politics in the Early Republic
(New Haven, Conn., 2001), 46.

22
. Burstein and Isenberg,
Madison and Jefferson
, 211–41; John Ferling,
A Leap in the Dark: The Struggle to Create the American Republic
(New York, 2003), 320–23. The following are excellent works on the life and thought—including the changing thought—of JM: Banning,
Sacred Fire of Liberty
; and Jack N. Rakove,
James Madison and the Creation of the American Republic
(New York, 1990).

23
. JM to Edmund Pendleton, June 22, 1790,
PJM
13:252–53.

24
. Jefferson’s Account of the Bargain on the Assumption and Residence Bills,” [1792],
PTJ
17:205–7.

25
. Maclay,
Journal of William Maclay
, 285, 286, 296, 304, 319, 326–32. The quotations can be found on pages 296 and 319. See also Josiah Parker to JM, June 15, 1790,
PJM
13:246.

26
. TJ, Anas, February 4, 1818, in Padover,
CTJ
, 1208–9; TJ to GW, September 9, 1792,
PTJ
24:352.

27
. TJ to John Harvie Jr., July 25, 1790,
PTJ
17:271; TJ to Monroe, June 20, 1790, ibid., 16:537.

28
. The literature on the Compromise of 1790 is considerable. For a good starting point, see Jacob E. Cooke, “The Compromise of 1790,”
William and Mary Quarterly
27 (1970): 524–45; Kenneth R. Bowling, “Dinner at Jefferson’s: A Note on Jacob E. Cooke’s ‘The Compromise of 1790,’ ” ibid., 28 (1971): 629–48; Elkins and McKitrick,
Age of Federalism
, 146–61; John Ferling,
A Leap in the Dark
, 321–26; and Burstein and Isenberg,
Madison and Jefferson
, 217–20. On GW’s selection of the site for the Federal City, see Ferling,
Ascent of George Washington
, 294–95; and Ferling,
The First of Men
, 397–98.

29
.
JMB
1:770n; William Temple Franklin to TJ, July 20, 1790,
PTJ
17:236–39; TJ to William Temple Franklin, July 25, 1790, ibid., 17:267–69.

30
. Wiencek,
Master of the Mountain
, 89–90. On Patsy’s dowry, see Marriage Settlement for Martha Jefferson, February 21, 1790,
PTJ
16:189–91.

31
.
JMB
1:765–71.

32
.
JMB
1:768–69.

33
. TJ, Anas, February 4, 1818, in Padover,
CTJ
1209, 1211.

34
. AH, Report on Public Credit, January 9, 1790,
PAH
6:102–3; Thomas P. Slaughter,
The Whiskey Rebellion: Frontier Epilogue to the American Revolution
(New York, 1986), 95–97. Slaughter is also my source for Hamilton’s
Federalist
comment on excise taxes; see the quotation on page 97.

35
. AH, First Report on the Further Provision Necessary for Establishing Public Credit, December 13, 1790,
PAH
7:210–36; Slaughter,
Whiskey Rebellion
, 96–105;
Journal of William Maclay
, 370–72, 374–79, 386, 387. The quotations are from
Journal of Maclay
and can be found on pages 375, 376, 379, and 387.

36
. William Hogeland,
The Whiskey Rebellion: George Washington, Alexander Hamilton, and the Frontier Rebels Who Challenged America’s Newfound Sovereignty
(New York, 2006), 62.