Jefferson and Hamilton (87 page)

39
. J. Lee Schneidman and Conalee Levine-Schneidman, “Suicide or Murder: The Burr-Hamilton Duel,”
Journal of Psychohistory
8 (1980–81):159–81. For an excellent account of AH’s thinking, and one that does not buy into the psychohistory theory, see Joseph J. Ellis, “The Duel,” in Joseph J. Ellis,
Founding Brothers: The Revolutionary Generation
(New York, 2000), 20–47.

40
. AH to ESH, July 4, 1804,
PAH
26:293.

41
. AH, Statement of my property and Debts, July 1, 1804,
PAH
26:283–87; AH, Alexander Hamilton’s Explanation of His Financial Situation, [July 1, 1804], ibid., 26:287–91; AH, Deed of Trust …, July 6, 1804, ibid., 26:297–300; AH, Assignment of Debts …, July 9, 1804, ibid., 26:301—4; AH, Debts Owed for Services Not Rendered, July 10, 1804, ibid., 26:307; AH, Last Will and Testament of Alexander Hamilton, July 9, 1804, ibid., 26:305–6.

42
. AH, Statement on Impending Duel with Aaron Burr, [June 28–July 10, 1804],
PAH
26:278–80.

43
. For a compilation of AH’s earlier dueling activities, see Freeman,
Affairs of Honor
, 326–27. The compilation can be found in endnote number thirteen.

44
. AH, Statement on Impending Duel, [June 28–July 10, 1804],
PAH
26:279.

45
. William P. Van Ness’s Regulations for the Duel, July 9, 1804,
PAH
26:306–7; Nathaniel Pendleton’s First Statement of the Regulations of the Duel, July 4, 1804, ibid., 26:295–96; Nathaniel Pendleton’s Second Statement of the Regulation for the Duel, July 10, 1804, ibid., 26:308–9

46
. Fleming,
Duel
, 323–24.

47
. Freeman,
Affairs of Honor
, 180.

48
. For the conflicting accounts offered by the seconds, see Joint Statement by William P. Van Ness and Nathaniel Pendleton on the Duel …, July 17, 1804,
PAH
26:333–34; Nathaniel Pendleton’s Amendments to the Joint Statement …, July 19, 1804, ibid., 26:337–39; William P. Van Ness’s Amendments to the Joint Statement …, July 21, 1804, ibid., 26:340–41; editor’s notes, ibid., 26:334–36n.

49
. David Hosack to William Coleman, August 17, 1804,
PAH
26:344–47.

RECKONING

1
. TJ to Martha Jefferson Randolph, July 17, 1804,
FLTJ
, 261; TJ to Philip Mazzei, July 18, 1804, L & B,
WTJ
11:41.

2
. See Virginia Scharff,
The Women Jefferson Loved
(New York, 2010), 306–9.

3
. TJ to John Melish, January 13, 1813, in
PTJ: Ret. Ser
. 5:563–64. See also TJ to Walter Jones, March 5, 1810, January 2, 1814, ibid., 2:272; 7:102–3; TJ to Joel Barlow, January 24, 1810, ibid., 2:176–77; TJ to Rush, January 16, 1811, ibid., 3:305; TJ to William Worthington, February 24, 1810, ibid., 2:252.

4
. JA to TJ, June 30, July 3, 22, November 15, 1813, September 3, 1816,
AJL
2:346, 349, 363, 488.

5
. TJ to Barlow, January 24, 1810,
PTJ: Ret. Ser
. 2:177.

6
. TJ, Explanations of the 3 volumes bound in marbled paper, February 4, 1818, in Padover,
CTJ
, 1211.

7
. TJ to Spencer Roane, September 6, 1819, Ford,
WTJ
12:136, 140; TJ to Priestley, March 21, 1801,
PTJ
33:394; Thomas Paine,
Common Sense
(1776), in Philip S. Foner, ed.,
The Complete Writings of Thomas Paine
(New York, 1945), 1:45.

8
. TJ to Dickinson, March 6, 1801,
PTJ
33:196; TJ to Samuel Adams, March 29, 1801, ibid., 33:487; TJ to Barlow, March 14, 1801, ibid., 33:274; TJ to Short, March 17, 1801, ibid., 33:337. TJ to Paine, March 18, 1801, ibid., 33:358–59.

9
. TJ to Paine, March 18, 1801,
PTJ
33:358–59; TJ to Priestley, June 19, 1802, ibid., 37:625–26.

10
. The foregoing draws on Gordon S. Wood,
Empire of Liberty: A History of the Early Republic, 1789–1815
(New York, 2009), 286–356; Gordon S. Wood,
The Radicalization of the American Revolution
(New York, 1992), 312; Susan Dunn,
Jefferson’s Second Revolution: The Election Crisis of 1800 and the Triumph of Republicanism
(Boston, 2004), 273–82; Darren Staloff,
Hamilton, Adams, Jefferson: The Politics of Enlightenment
(New York, 2005), 332–50; and William B. Skelton,
An American Profession of Arms: The Army Officer Corps, 1784–1861
(Lawrence, Kans., 1992), 8.

11
. Quoted in Wood,
Empire of Liberty
, 712. See also Robert M. S. McDonald, “The (Federalist?) Presidency of Thomas Jefferson,” in Francis D. Cogliano, ed.,
A Companion to Thomas Jefferson
(Chichester, England, 2011), 164–83.

12
. L. P. Hartley,
The Go-Between
(New York, 1958), 7.

13
. AH to Theodore Sedgwick, July 10, 1804,
PAH
26:309.

14
. Wood,
Empire of Liberty
, 702–3; Wood,
Radicalization of the American Revolution
, 310–25; Joyce Appleby,
Inheriting the Revolution: The First Generation of Americans
(Cambridge, Mass., 2000), 57–59; Jonathan Prude,
The Coming of Industrial Order: Town and Factory Life in Rural Massachusetts, 1810–1860
(Cambridge, Eng., 1983), 71.

15
. Wood,
Radicalization of the American Revolution
, 325, 366–69.

16
. TJ to Samuel Kercheval, July 12, 1816, in Merrill D. Peterson, ed.,
The Portable Thomas Jefferson
(New York, 1976), 559; TJ to JA, April 8, 1816, September 12, 1821,
AJL
2:467, 575; TJ to Roger Weighman, June 24, 1826, Ford,
WTJ
10:390–92.

17
. TJ to Van De Kemp, January 11, 1825, Ford,
WTJ
10:337.

18
. TJ to JA, August 1, 1816,
AJL
2:485; TJ to Josephus B. Stuart, May 10, 1817, L & B,
WTJ
15:113. The “become my own biographer” letter is quoted in Brodie,
TJ
, 600–601.

19
. Francis D. Cogliano,
Thomas Jefferson: Reputation and Legacy
(Charlottesville, Va., 2006), 75–77.

20
. TJ, Explanations of the 3 volumes bound in marbled paper, February 4, 1818, in Padover,
CTJ
, 1204. The “Anas” itself can be found in ibid, 1212–88.

21
. TJ’s Autobiography can be found in Padover,
CTJ
, 1110–94. The quoted material can be found on page 1119.

22
. Quoted in Staloff,
Hamilton, Adams, Jefferson
, 359.

23
. The literature on TJ and slavery is enormous. The following are good starting points: Paul Finkleman, “Jefferson and Slavery: ‘Treason Against the Hopes of the World,’ ” in Peter S. Onuf, ed.,
Jeffersonian Legacies
(Charlottesville, Va., 1993), 181–21; Lucia Stanton, “ ‘Those Who Labor for My Happiness’: Thomas Jefferson and His Slaves,” ibid., 147–80; Adam Roth-man, “Jefferson and Slavery,” in John B. Boles and Randal L. Hall, eds.,
Seeing Jefferson Anew: In His Time and Ours
(Charlottesville, Va., 2010), 103–25; John Chester Miller,
The Wolf by the Ears: Thomas Jefferson and Slavery
(New York, 1977); the groundbreaking essay by William Cohen, “Thomas Jefferson and the Problem of Slavery,”
Journal of American History
56 (1969): 503–26; and Robert McColley,
Slavery and Jeffersonian Virginia
(Urbana, Ill., 1973), 2.

24
. TJ to John Holmes, April 22, 1820, Ford,
WTJ
10:157. (For what TJ actually said in this letter, see Finkleman, “Jefferson and Slavery,” in Onuf,
Jeffersonian Legacies
, note 138, page 221.)

25
. TJ to St. George Tucker, August 28, 1797,
PTJ
29:519.

26
. Monroe to TJ, February 13, 1802,
PTJ
36:576; TJ to King, July 13, 1802, ibid., 38:54–55; Douglas R. Egerton,
Gabriel’s Rebellion: The Virginia Slave Conspiracies of 1800 and 1802
(Chapel Hill, N.C., 1993), 153–62. On TJ’s estimate on the cost of colonization, see William Cohen, “Thomas Jefferson and the Problem of Slavery,”
Journal of American History
56 (1969): 503–26.

27
. Edward Coles to TJ, July 31, 1814,
PTJ: Ret. Ser
., 7:503–4; TJ to Coles, August 25, 1814, ibid., 7:603–5.

28
. TJ to Coles, August 25, 1814,
PTJ: Ret. Ser
., 7:603.

29
. JA to TJ, December 21, 1818, February 3, 1821,
AJL
2:551, 571; TJ to John Holmes, April 22, 1820, Ford,
WTJ
10:157–58.

30
. Finkleman, “Jefferson and Slavery,” in Onuf,
Jeffersonian Legacies
, 212. For a survey of the modern censure of TJ for race, see Gordon S. Wood, “The Trials and Tribulations of Thomas Jefferson,” ibid., 396–98; Scot A. French and Edward L. Ayers, “The Strange Career of Thomas Jefferson: Race and Slavery in American Memory, 1943–1993,” ibid., 418–56; Cogliano,
Thomas Jefferson
, 170–229. See also Paul Finkelman, “The Monster of Monticello,”
New York Times
, November 30, 2012.

31
. Philip D. Morgan, “Interracial Sex in the Chesapeake and the British Atlantic World, c. 1700–1820,” in Jan Ellen Lewis and Peter S. Onuf, eds.,
Sally Hemings and Thomas Jefferson: History, Memory, and Civic Culture
(Charlottesville, Va., 1999), 58. On the wages of craftsmen, see Sean Wilentz,
Chants Democratic: New York City and the Rise of the American Working Class, 1788–1850
(New York, 1984), 50–51. TJ once remarked that he cared “for the happiness of those who labor for mine.” See TJ to Angelica Church, November 27, 1793,
PTJ
27:449.

32
. Finkleman, “Jefferson and Slavery,” in Onuf,
Jeffersonian Legacies
, 181–221; Edmund S. Morgan,
American Slavery, American Freedom: The Ordeal of Colonial Virginia
(New York, 1975), 375–85; Joseph J. Ellis,
American Sphinx: The Character of Thomas Jefferson
(New York, 1997), 144–52; Ari Helo and Peter S. Onuf, “Jefferson, Morality, and the Problem of Slavery,”
William and Mary Quarterly
60 (2003): 583–614. See also Peter S. Onuf, “ ‘To Declare them a Free and Independent People’: Race, Slavery and National Identity in Jefferson’s Thought,”
Journal of the Early Republic
18 (1998): 1–46; Onuf, “Every Generation is an ‘Independent Nation’: Colonization, Miscegenation, and the Fate of Jefferson’s Children,”
William and Mary Quarterly
57 (2000): 153–70; and Henry Wiencek,
Master of the Mountain: Thomas Jefferson and His Slaves
(New York, 2012). Other important works on TJ and slavery include Cohen, “Thomas Jefferson and the Problem of Slavery,”
Journal of American History
56 (1969): 503–26; and Miller,
Wolf by the Ears
. For an especially thoughtful piece on TJ and slavery, see Andrew Burstein,
Jefferson’s Secrets: Death and Desire at Monticello
(New York, 2005), 113–49. For Rakove’s important essay, and the citation of the “evil of a kind” quotation, see Jack N. Rakove, “Our Jefferson,” in Jan Ellen Lewis and Peter S. Onuf, eds.,
Sally Hemings and Thomas Jefferson
(Charlottesville, Va., 1999), 228.

33
. TJ to Coles, August 25, 1814,
PTJ: Ret. Ser
., 7:603.

34
. TJ to Joseph Cabell, February 7, 1826, Ford,
WTJ
12:451. On the sale of TJ’s library to the Library of Congress, see Kevin J. Hayes,
The Road to Monticello: The Life and Mind of Thomas Jefferson
(New York, 2008), 546–63.

35
. Quoted in Brodie,
TJ
, 464. Some quotes are from Rebecca L. McMurry and James F. McMurry Jr.,
Anatomy of a Scandal: Thomas Jefferson and the Sally Story
(Shippensburg, Pa., 2002), 70. On Callender, see the insightful essay by Joshua D. Rothman, “James Callender and Social Knowledge of Interracial Sex in Antebellum Virginia,” in Lewis and Onuf,
Sally Hemings and Thomas Jefferson
, 87–113.

36
. TJ’s denial was in an 1805 letter in which he acknowledged his improper behavior toward Betsy Walker, but added: “It is the only one founded in truth among all their allegations against me.” See TJ to Robert Smith, July 1, 1805, in
Thomas Jefferson Correspondence. Printed from the Originals in the Collections of William Bixby
(Boston, 1916), 115.

37
. Annette Gordon-Reed,
The Hemingses of Monticello: An American Family
(New York, 2008), 648, 657–60.

38
. TJ to Thomas Mann Randolph Jr., December 30, 1809,
PTJ: Ret. Ser
. 2:110.

39
. TJ to Augustus B. Woodward, April 3, 1825, Ford,
WTJ
12:408.

40
. The foregoing paragraphs on TJ’s retirement draw on Cunningham,
TJ
, 322–49. For an excellent brief essay on the subject, see Andrew Burstein, “Jefferson in Retirement,” in Cogliano,
A Companion to Thomas Jefferson
, 218–33. The section on TJ and education draws from Harold Hellenbrand,
The Unfinished Revolution: Education and Politics in the Thought of Thomas Jefferson
(Newark, Del., 1990), 136–69; and Cogliano,
Thomas Jefferson
, 157–59. On TJ, religion, and death, see TJ to JA, November 13, 1818, April 11, 1823,
AJL
2:529, 592. On TJ’s thought on life in the hereafter, see Andrew Burstein,
Jefferson’s Secrets: Death and Desire at Monticello
(New York, 2005), 257–63.

41
. TJ to Priestley, March 21, 1801,
PTJ
33:393–94.