Jefferson and Hamilton (85 page)

68
. Ferling,
A Leap in the Dark
, 442; TJ to JM, January 3, 1799,
PTJ
30:610.

69
. Quoted in Kohn,
Eagle and Sword
, 230.

70
. JA to McHenry, August 29, September 13, 1798, Charles Francis Adams,
The Works of John Adams, Second President
… (Boston, 1850–1856), 8:588, 594; JA to John Trumbull, July 23, November [?], 1805,
Adams Papers
, microfilm edition, reel 118; JA to F. A. Vanderkemp, August 23, 1806, April 3, 1815, Simon Gratz Collection, Historical Society of Pennsylvania; JA to Rush, August 23, September 30, December 4, 1805, January 25, 1806, September 2, November 11, 1807, April 18, 1808, August 28, 1811, in John A. Schutz and Douglass Adair, eds.,
The Spur of Fame: Dialogues of John Adams and Benjamin Rush, 1805–1813
(San Marino, Cal., 1966), 35, 42, 45, 47–48, 94–95, 98–99, 113, 192; JA to Benjamin Waterhouse, July 12, 1811, in Worthington C. Ford, ed.,
Statesman and Friend: Correspondence of John Adams and Benjamin Waterhouse, 1784–1822
(Boston, 1927), 65; JA to William Cunningham, October 15, 1808, in
Correspondence between the Hon. John Adams … and the Late William Cunningham
(Boston, 1823), 44.

71
. Abigail Adams’s “second Buonaparty” quote is in DeConde,
Quasi-War
, 97. See also TJ to Thomas M. Randolph, February 2, 1800,
PTJ
31:358; the additional comments by the First Lady can be found in Edith B. Gelles,
Abigail and John: Portrait of a Marriage
(New York, 2009), 240.

72
. AH to McHenry, [January 27–February 11], 1798,
PAH
21:345. The McHenry quote can be found in Page Smith,
John Adams
(Garden City, N.Y., 1962), 2:989.

73
. AH to James Gunn, December 22, 1798,
PAH
22:389.

74
. AH to Harrison Gray Otis, January 26, 1799,
PAH
22:440–41.

75
. AH to Francisco de Miranda, August 22, 1798,
PAH
22:156.

76
. GW to McHenry, December 13, 1798,
PGW: Ret. Ser
. 3:253.

77
. Quoted in Chernow,
AH
, 567–68.

78
. Quoted in DeConde,
Quasi-War
, 119.

79
. Quoted in Elkins and McKitrick,
Age of Federalism
, 617.

80
. Quoted in David McCullough,
John Adams
(New York, 2001), 518.

81
. Kohn,
Eagle and Sword
, 246–48. The AH quotation can be found in William B. Skelton,
An American Profession of Arms: The Army Officer Corps, 1784–1861
(Lawrence, Kans., 1992), 24.

82
. On AH and hats, see AH to McHenry, May 18, 1799,
PAH
23:122; Skelton,
An American Profession of Arms
, 96–98. The
PAH
, vols. 22 and 23, are filled with similar instances of micromanagement. For the lists ranking the officers, see ibid., 22:89–146, 270–312, and 317–39. On the army, and JA taking no steps to recruit it, see ibid., 22:387–88n.

83
. AH to Otis, December 28, 1798,
PAH
22:394.

84
. William Heth to AH, January 14, 18, 1799,
PAH
22:413–15, 422–24, The quotations are on pages 415 and 423.

85
. AH to King, February 6, 1799,
PAH
22:465.

86
. AH to Theodore Sedgwick, February 1, 1799,
PAH
22:452–53.

87
. JA, Second Annual Address, December 8, 1798, Richardson,
Messages of the Presidents
, 1:261–65; TJ to Randolph, December 20, 1798,
PTJ
30:604; AH to Otis, December 27, 1798,
PAH
22:393–04; AH to Gunn, December 22, 1798, ibid., 22:388–89; DeConde,
Quasi-War
, 168–69.

88
. JA to GW, February 19, 1799,
PGW: Ret. Ser
. 3:388; Elkins and McKitrick,
Age of Federalism
, 615–41; Ferling,
John Adams
, 372–85; DeConde,
Quasi-War
, 142–22.

89
. TJ to Randolph, February 19, 1799,
PTJ
31:50; Henry Remsen, March 4, 1800, ibid., 31:415; TJ to Everard Meade, April 8, 1800, ibid., 31:489.

90
. DeConde,
Quasi-War
, 221–22.

91
. Elkins and McKitrick,
Age of Federalism
, 639–40; DeConde,
Quasi-War
, 220.

92
. TJ to Remsen, October 14, 1799,
PAH
31:212.

93
.
Correspondence between the Hon. John Adams … and the Late William Cunningham
, 29–30. The “impertinent ignoramus” quote can be found in John Ferling,
Adams vs. Jefferson: The Tumultuous Election of 1800
(New York, 2004), 124. A nearly identical version of AH’s meeting with the president was provided by Abigail Adams, who was relating what her husband told her soon after the episode. See Abigail Adams to Mary Cranch, December 30, 1799, in Stewart Mitchell, ed.,
New Letters of Abigail Adams, 1788–1801
(Boston, 1947), 224–25. Both JA’s and the First Lady’s versions can also be found in
PAH
23:546–47n.

94
. TJ to Monroe, January 12, 1800,
PTJ
31:301.

95
. John Trumbull to GW, June 22, August 10, 1799,
PGW: Ret. Ser
. 4:144, 236; Gouverneur Morris to GW, December 9, 1799, ibid., 4:452–53. Morris’s letter arrived at Mount Vernon after GW’s death.

96
. AH to Tobias Lear, January 2, 1800,
PAH
24:155; AH to Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, December 22, 1799, ibid., 24:116; AH to Martha Washington, January 12, 1800, ibid., 24:184–85. AH marched in the state funeral ceremony in Philadelphia on December 26. After a sojourn at home, TJ was unable to reach the capital in time to participate in the funeral.

97
.
PAH
22:386–88n.

98
. AH to Jonathan Dayton, [October–November, 1799],
PAH
23:599–604.

CHAPTER 14: “THE GIGG IS UP”: THE ELECTION OF 1800

1
. TJ to Benjamin Rush, September 12, 1799,
PTJ
31:183.

2
. TJ to Joseph Priestley, January 27, 1800,
PTJ
31:341.

3
. Ibid.; TJ to JM, May 12, 1800, ibid., 31:579; TJ to Charles Pinckney, November 4, 1800, ibid., 32:243.

4
. For a good example of TJ’s analysis of the likely outcome of the 1800 presidential election, see TJ to JM, March 4, 1800,
PTJ
31:408–9.

5
. TJ to James Monroe, January 12, 1800,
PTJ
31:300–301.

6
. TJ to Robert R. Livingston, April 30, 1800,
PTJ
31:550; Joseph Barnes to TJ, October 25, 1799, March 4, 10, 1800, ibid., 31:330, 405, 226, 427; TJ to Mary Jefferson Eppes, February 15, 1801, ibid., 32:593; TJ to Monroe, January 12, 1800, ibid., 31:301.

7
. TJ to Mary Jefferson Eppes, February 15, 1801,
PTJ
32:593; TJ to Elbridge Gerry, May 13, 1797, ibid., 29:362.

8
. AH to Rufus King, January 5, 1800,
PAH
24:167; AH to Henry Lee, March 7, 1800, ibid., 24:299.

9
. AH to Theodore Sedgwick, May 10, 1800,
PAH
24:475.

10
. AH to King, May 4, 1796,
PAH
20:158.

11
. Burr to TJ, May 5, 1800,
PTJ
31:557. The foregoing paragraphs on the New York contest draws on Alfred Young,
The Democratic Republicans of New York, The Origins: 1763–1797
(Chapel Hill, N.C., 1967), 474–76; William Merrill and Sean Wilentz, eds.,
The Key of Liberty: The Life and Democratic Writings of William Manning, “A Laborer,” 1774–1814
(Cambridge, Mass., 1993), 59, 63–64, 73–74, 112, 126; Linda Kerber, “The Federalist Party,” in Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr., ed.,
History of U.S. Political Parties
(New York, 1973), 1:3–29; Gordon S. Wood, “The Enemy Is Us: Democratic Capitalism in the Early Republic,”
Journal of the Early Republic
16 (1996): 293–308; David Waldstreicher, “Federalism, the Style of Politics, and the Politics of Style,” in Doran Ben-Atar and Barbara B. Oberg, eds.,
Federalists Reconsidered
Charlottesville, Va., 1998), 99–117; Steven Watts, “Ministers, Misanthropes, and Mandarins: The Federalists and the Culture of Capitalism,” ibid., 157–75; Alan Taylor, “From Fathers to Friends of the People: Political Personae in the Early Republic,” ibid., 225–45; John Ferling,
Adams vs. Jefferson: The Tumultuous Election of 1800
(New York, 2004), 128–31; Nancy Isenberg,
Fallen Founder: The Life of Aaron Burr
(New York, 2007), 196–200; David Hackett Fischer,
The Revolution of American Conservatism: The Federalist Party in the Era of Jeffersonian Democracy
(New York, 1965); 9, 52, 95–96, 161, 308. Fischer deals with the election of 1800 throughout his book, including in the appendix.

12
. TJ to Tadeusz Kosciuszko, May 7, 1800,
PTJ
31:560.

13
. AH to Sedgwick, May 4, 1800,
PAH
24:453.

14
. AH to Jay, May 7, 1800,
PAH
24:464–66, 467n.

15
. TJ to Thomas Mann Randolph Jr., May 7, 1800,
PTJ
31:561.

16
. Ferling,
Adams vs. Jefferson
, 132; Isenberg,
Fallen Founder
, 201–2.

17
. McHenry to AH, June 2, 1800 [with McHenry to JA, May 31, 1800, enclosed],
PAH
24:550–65. The quotations are on pages 555 and 557.

18
. JA to Thomas Boylston Adams, July 14, 1800,
PAH
24:574n; Abigail Adams to Thomas B. Adams, July 16, 1800, ibid., 24:575–76n.

19
. AH to King, January 5, 1800,
PAH
24:168; AH to Sedgwick, May 10, 1800, ibid., 24:475; AH to McHenry, June 6, 1800, ibid., 24:573.

20
. Joseph Hale to King, July 9, 1800,
PAH
24:577n; John Rutledge Jr. to AH, July 17, 1800, ibid., 25:30.

21
. Sedgwick to King, September 26, 1800,
PAH
24:451; AH to Charles Carroll of Carrollton, July 1, 1800, ibid., 25:1–2.

22
. AH to JA, August 1, October 1, 1800,
PAH
25:51, 125–26.

23
. Thomas N. Baker, “ ‘An Attack Well Directed’: Aaron Burr Intrigues for the Presidency,”
Journal of the Early Republic
31 (2011): 560.

24
. William Shaw to Abigail Adams, June 8, 1800, in
Adams Family Papers, 1639–1889
, microfilm edition, 608 reels (Boston, Massachusetts Historical Society, 1954–1959), reel 398; JA to James Lloyd, March 31, 1815, ibid., reel 122; Stephen G. Kurtz,
The Presidency of John Adams: The Collapse of Federalism, 1795–1800
(Philadelphia, 1957), 398; John Ferling,
John Adams: A Life
(reprint, New York, 2010), 402–3; Noble E. Cunningham Jr., “Election of 1800,” in Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr., ed.,
History of American Presidential Elections, 1789–1968
(New York, 1971), 1:115–16.

25
.
JMB
2:1019.

26
. TJ, Summary of Public Service, [after September 2, 1800],
PTJ
32:122–24.

27
. TJ to Elbridge Gerry, January 26, 1799,
PTJ
30:645–50; TJ to Amos Alexander, June 13, 1800, ibid., 32:6; TJ to Gideon Granger, August 13, 1800, ibid., 32:95–97; TJ to Jeremiah Moore, August 14, 1800, ibid., 32:102–3; TJ to Caesar A. Rodney, December 21, 1800, ibid., 32:336–37; TJ to John Vanmetre, September 4, 1800, ibid., 32:136; TJ to Samuel Smith, October 17, 1800, ibid., 32:227; Cunningham, “Election of 1800,” in Schlesinger,
History of American Presidential Elections
, 1:114, 118–19. TJ’s quote about disentangling from other nations can be found in
PTJ
32:96.

28
. Jeffrey L. Pasley,
“The Tyranny of Printers”: Newspaper Politics in the Early Republic
(Charlottesville, Va., 2001), 157; Noble E. Cunningham,
The Jeffersonian Republicans: The Formation of Party Organization, 1789–1801
(Chapel Hill, N.C., 1957), 153–60.

29
. For an expanded treatment of the campaign rhetoric in 1800, and the sources for the quotations in the foregoing paragraphs, see Ferling,
Adams vs. Jefferson
, 144–56. For the AH quotation regarding “Mazzeian Babel,” see the editors’ note,
PTJ
29:79. Bernard Weisberger,
America Afire: Jefferson, Adams, and the Revolutionary Election of 1800
(New York, 2000); and Edward J. Larson,
A Magnificent Catastrophe: The Tumultuous Election of 1800: America’s First Presidential Campaign
(New York, 2007), also treat the campaign in considerable detail. For the allegation about TJ and Sally Hemings, and the charge that he was a “libertine,” see Brodie,
TJ
, 427.

30
. AH to Wolcott, July 1, 1800,
PAH
25:4–5; George Cabot to AH, August 21, 1800, ibid., 25:74–75. See also the editors’ note in ibid., 25:169–85.

31
. AH,
Letter from Alexander Hamilton, PAH
25:186–234. The quotations are on pages 190, 192, 196, 210, 214, 226, 222, and 233. Historian Joanne Freeman, who has written extensively on dueling and its code, has suggested that when JA did not respond to AH’s intemperate August letters regarding his alleged leadership of a British faction—which she said “contemporaries well recognized” as nothing less than the “ritualistic opening of an affair of honor”—AH believed the “code of honor entitled [him] to “post the president, condemning him before the world.” See Joanne B. Freeman,
Affairs of Honor: National Politics in the New Republic
(New Haven, Conn., 2001), 149.