Jerusalem: The Biography (95 page)

13
Guy and Sibylla: road to Hattin, crowning and spy in Sepulchre:
Continuation
25–9; Reynauld, torture of Mecca caravan:
Continuation
25–6. Ibn Shaddad,
The Rare and Excellent History of Saladin
(henceforth Shaddad) 37. For sympathetic analysis of Guy: R. C. Smail, ‘The Predicaments of Guy of Lusignan’, in Kedar, Mayer and Smail (eds),
Outremer
159–76. Tyerman 356–65. Runciman 2.437–50. Coronation: Kedar,
Outremer
190–9. M. C. Lyons and D. E. P. Jackson,
Saladin: Politics of Holy War
(henceforth
Saladin
) 246–8. Massacre of Templars and political unity:
Continuation
32–5. Hattin/killing of Reynald:
Continuation
37–9, 45–8. Cresson and invasion: Shaddad 60–3. For Raymond’s role see M. W. Baldwin,
Raymond III of Tripoli and the Fall of Jerusalem
.

14
Saladin and Hattin: Shaddad 37–8.
Continuation
, 36–9 and 45–8. Battle, Reynald: Shaddad 73–5. Al-Athir: Gabrieli 119–25; Imad al-Din (army, battlefield, killing of Reynald, True Cross, killing Templars): Gabrieli 125. B. Z. Kedar (ed.),
The Horns of Hattin
190–207. N. Housley, ‘Saladin’s Triumph over the Crusader States: The Battle of Hattin, 1187’,
History Today
37 (1987). Promise to kill Reynald:
Saladin
246–8; the battle 252–65. Runciman 2.453–60. Tyerman 350–72. Saladin splits infantry from knights: Housley,
Fighting for the Cross
124–6.

15
Saladin takes Jerusalem: Shaddad 77–8; Shaddad joins service of Saladin 80; visits to Jerusalem for festivals 89.
Continuation
55–67. Al-Athir quoted in Gabrieli 139–46; Imad al-Din 146–63 (women).
Saladin
271–7; campaign after Jerusalem 279–94. Runciman 2.461–8. Fall of the city: Michael Hamilton Burgoyne, ‘1187–1260: The Furthest Mosque (al-Masjid al-Aqsa) under Ayyubid Rule’, in
Sacred Esplanade
151–75.

16
Saladin, character, career, family, court: this is based on the primary sources Ibn Shaddad and Imad al-Din; on Lyons and Jackson,
Saladin
; and R. Stephen Humphreys,
From Saladin to the Mongols: The Ayyubids of Damascus 1193–1260
. Shaddad: early life 18; beliefs and character 18; modesty, old man, crises with Taki al-Din, justice 23–4; lack of interest in money 25; illness 27, 29; jihad 28–9; crucifixion of Islamic heretic 20; visits to Jerusalem 28; sadness over Taki 32; court life, asceticism 33; fill of worldly pleasures 224; mud on clothes 34; geniality like Prophet holding hands until released 35; Frankish baby 36; rise to power 41–53; favourite son 63; special advice to Zahir on ruling 235; crises and conflict with amirs and grandees 66; swap of Zahir and Safadin 70.

Youth in Damascus polo,
Saladin
1–29; debauchery satire of Taki 118–20; challenges of Taki and sons 244–6; distribution of new conquests 279–94; war 364–74. Saladin’s style of ruling: Humphreys,
Ayyubids
15–39. Saladin’s mistakes: al-Athir quoted in Gabrieli 180. As court physician to Saladin and Taki al-Din, sex life: Kraemer,
Maimonides
, doctor of Qadi al-Fadil and then Saladin 188–92; 197–201; Saladin’s 212 and 215; doctor of al-Afdal 446; Taki al-Din 446–8.

17
Saladin and Islamic Jerusalem. Ibn Shaddad in charge of Jerusalem, Salahiyya Shafii madrassa, appoints governors:
Saladin
236–7. Imad al-Din: Gabrieli 164–75, including Taki al-Din and princes cleaning the Haram, opening up of Rock, robe for preacher, Citadel of David restored with mosques; convent for Sufis in patriarch house, Shafii madrassa in St Anne’s; Adil encamped in Church of Zion. Turkish military tactics: Housley,
Fighting for the Cross
111–14; Saladin’s multinational army 228; Saladin’s image 229–32. Ayyubid architecture on the Haram: Burgoyne, ‘1187–1260: The Furthest Mosque (al-Masjid al-Aqsa) under Ayyubid Rule’,
Sacred Esplanade
151–75. Saladin and Afdal’s buildings and changes: Hiyari in Asali,
Jerusalem
169–72 and Donald P. Little, ‘Jerusalem under the Ayyubids and Mamluks’, in Asali,
Jerusalem
177–83. Saladin’s madrassa,
khanqah
, Muristan/ Afdal’s Mosque of Omar: Bahat,
Atlas
104–7. Qubbat al-Miraj – Dome of Ascension, either Crusader baptistery or built with Crusader spolia; Bab al-Silsila built with Crusader spolia: Burgoyne,
Mamluk Jerusalem
47–8.

Armenian Jerusalem: Hintlian,
History of the Armenians in the Holy Land
1–5; Muazzam pays for Armenian building 43.

Jewish return, Harizi: Prawer,
History of the Jews in the Latin Kingdom
134 and 230. Saladin invitation and return: Yehuda al-Harizi quoted in Peters,
Jerusalem
363–4. Prawer,
Latin Kingdom
233–47.

On the Nusseibehs: see Mujir al-Din who saw Saladin’s signature on appointment to Sepulchre/Khanqah Salahiyya. Hazem Zaki Nusseibeh,
The Jerusalemites: A Living Memory
395–9.

18
Richard and Third Crusade: unless otherwise stated, this portrait of Richard I is based on John Gillingham,
Richard I
. Crisis on second march to Jerusalem: Shaddad 20–122; sadness over Taki death 32; fury over amirs’ refusal to fight at Jaffa 34.
Continuation
92–121. Runciman 3.47–74.

Acre: Shaddad 96–8; arrival of Richard 146–50; fall and killing of prisoners 162–5; infant child 147; killing of Frank prisoners 169; negotiations with Adil and Richard 173–5; Arsuf 174–80; inspection of Jerusalem 181; Adil and Richard letters 185; marriage 187–8, 193; best course is jihad 195; marriage to Richard’s niece 196; winter in Jerusalem 197; advance on Jerusalem/attack on Egyptian caravan 205–7; crisis at Jerusalem; love of city move mountains 210–12; prayers in Jerusalem 217; Jaffa red-haired Richard 223; Saladin no worldly pleasures 224; Jerusalem walls 226; Richard ill 227; Treaty of Jaffa visitors to Jerusalem, Saladin and Adil to Jerusalem 231–4; Saladin’s advice to son Zahir 235; Shaddad in charge of Jerusalem, Salahiyya Shafii madrassa, appoints governors 236–7.

Acre: al-Athir quoted in Gabrieli 182–92 and 198–200; Imad al-Din 200–7, including women; Richard 213–24; negotiations up to Treaty of Jaffa 235–6. See also
Itinerarium Regis Ricardi
, quoted in Thomas Archer,
Crusade of Richard I
. Phillips,
Warriors
138–65.
Saladin
295–306, 318–30; Saladin and Richard 333–6; Arsuf 336–7; negotiations 343–8; advance on Jerusalem 350–4; Jaffa 356–60; treaty 360–1; to Jerusalem 13 September and Fadil’s anxiety about city 362–3. Long siege of Acre: Housley,
Fighting for the Cross
133; Richard’s genius at Arsuf 124–6 and 143; Turkish military tactics 111–14; Saladin and Richard 229–32; sex and women on Crusade 174–7. Frank McLynn,
Lionheart and Lackland
169–218.

19
Saladin’s death: this is based, unless otherwise stated, on Shaddad and Humphreys,
Ayyubids
. Ayyubid dynasty to Safadin: death, Shaddad 238–245. Rise of Safadin: Humphreys,
Ayyubids
87–123; investment of Muazzam with Damascus in 1198 108; Muazzam moves to Jerusalem in 1204 145; Safadin character and rule, brilliantly successful, the ablest of his line 145–6, 155–6; Muazzam in Jerusalem 11; inscriptions, title of sultan, independent ruler 150–4; Muazzam independent after death of Safadin 155–92; character of Muazzam 185–6, 188–90. War of Saladin’s sons: Runciman 3.79–83. Jerusalem under Afdal, Safadin and Muazzam, architecture, Burgoyne, ‘1187–1260: The Furthest Mosque (al-Masjid al-Aqsa) under Ayyubid Rule’,
Sacred Esplanade
151–75. Inscriptions of Adil in citadel and fountains on Haram and Muazzam’s Ayyubid Tower, madrassas, Haram, walls, khan in Armenian Gardens: Bahat,
Atlas
104–7. Adil and Muazzam on al-Aqsa: Kroyanker 44. Qubbat al-Miraj – Dome of Ascension; Bab al-Silsila 1187–99: Burgoyne,
Mamluk Jerusalem
47–8; Muazzam golden age of Ayyubids, restored south-east stairway to Dome 1211, built Nasiriyya Zawiya at Golden Gate 1214, central portal of al-Aqsa 1217, walls restored, built Qubbat al-Nalwiyya 1207 at south-west corner of Haram as a Koran school, Hanafi madrassa 48–9. M. Hawari, ‘The Citadel (Qal’a) in the Ottoman Period: An Overview’, in
Archeological Park
9, 81. On Muazzam character: Mujir 85–7 and 140. Muazzam – seven towers plus mosque at Citadel: Little in Asali,
Jerusalem
; Muazzam’s Jerusalem 177 – 180; Ayyubid panic 183–4.

John of Brienne and Fifth Crusade: Tyerman 636–40. Runciman 3.151–60; al-Athir quoted in Gabrieli 255–6. Panic in Jerusalem: Little in Asali,
Jerusalem
183. Jews leave: Prawer,
Latin Kingdom
86–90.

20
Frederick II: character – this is based on David Abulafia,
Frederick II: A Medieval Emperor
, especially concept of monarchy 137; lance of Christ 127; Jews 143–4; crushing Muslims 145–7; Jews and Muslims 147–53; Lucera 147; marriage 150–4; crusade 171–82; songs, culture 274; Michael Scot magician 261. On Kamil and Muazzam: Humphreys,
Ayyubids
193–207. Runciman 3.175–84. Tyerman 726–48, 757.

21
Frederick in Jerusalem: Ibn Wasil quoted in Gabrieli 269–73 and al-Jauzi 273–6. Abulafia,
Frederick II
182–94; gifts to Kamil 267; songs to ‘flower of Syria’ 277. Little in Asali,
Jerusalem
184–5. Building in Jerusalem: author discussion with Dan Bahat. Tyerman 752–5. Runciman 3.188–91. Phillips,
Warriors
255.

22
Latin Jerusalem 1229–44. Franks refortify Jerusalem; Nasir Daud takes city; then faced with Thibault of Navarre/Champagne restored to Franks along with part of Galilee; Nasir Daud retakes; then in spring 1244 Jerusalem again returned to Franks, allowed to control Haram: Humphreys,
Ayyubids
260–5. New Frankish building, invasion of Nablusites, siege of Nasir Daud: Boas,
Jerusalem
20 and 76. Tyerman 753–5, 765. Runciman 3.193 and 210–11. Jews: Prawer,
Latin Kingdom
90. Goitein, Palestinian Jewry, 300. B. Z. Kedar, ‘The Jews in Jerusalem’, in B. Z. Kedar (ed.),
Jerusalem in the Middle Ages: Selected Papers
122–37. Hiyari in Asali,
Jerusalem
170–1. Templars in Dome of the Rock: Little in Asali,
Jerusalem
185. J. Drory, ‘Jerusalem under Mamluk Rule’, in
Cathedra
1.192. Wine in Dome: Ibn Wasil quoted in C. Hillenbrand,
Crusaders
317.

23
Khwarizmian Tartars/Barka Khan: author visit to Khalidi Library, Barka Khan
turba
in Silsila Street, thanks to Haifa Khalidi. Burgoyne,
Mamluk Jerusalem
109–216 and 380. Humphreys,
Ayyubids
274–6. Tyerman 771. Runciman 3.223–9. On tomb: conversation with Dr Nasmi Joubeh.

24
Fall of Ayyubids/assassination of Turanshah and rise of Baibars: character portrait based on Robert Irwin,
The Middle East in the Middle Ages: The Early Mamluk Sultanate 1250–1382
(henceforth Irwin). Ibn Wasil quoted in Gabrieli 295–300; Baibars at war, Ibn Az-Zahir quoted in Gabrieli 307–12. Tyerman 797–8. Runciman 3.261–71. Rise of Baibars, ferocious, nervous, sleepless, inspections, character, the rise of the Mamluks, Irwin 1–23; career 37–42. Humphreys,
Ayyubids
302–3; Baibars in Palestine Syria 326–35; Nasir gets Jerusalem again, Baibars moves down to Jerusalem and plunders it 257.