Jerusalem: The Biography (98 page)

PART EIGHT: EMPIRE

1
Napoleon Bonaparte and Jazzar Pasha. Rise and tortures and mutilations: Constatin de Volney,
Voyage en Egypte et en Syrie
235. Edward Daniel Clarke,
Travels in Various Countries of Europe, Asia and Africa
2.1.359–88, 2.2.3–5.
Voyage and Travels of HM Caroline Queen of Great Britain
589–91. Cohen,
Palestine in the 18th Century
20–9, 68–70, 285. Pappe 38–46. Finkel 399–412. Krämer 61–3. Nathan Schur,
Napoleon in the Holy Land
(henceforth Schur) 17–32. Paul Strathern,
Napoleon in Egypt
(henceforth Strathern) 185, 335–7.

2
Napoleon in Palestine: this account is based on Schur and Strathern. Jaffa massacre Schur 67; Acre 140–6; retreat 163; Governor of Jerusalem in Jaffa 163–7. Strathern, origins of expedition 6–17; siege of Acre 336–46; Solomon’s Temple 317; Jaffa massacre 326. Jewish offer: Schur 117–21. Strathearn 352–6. Napoleon’s tent: Hintlian,
JQ
2, 1998. Pappe on Jerusalem Families: 46–51.

3
Sidney Smith – this account of his life is based on: Tom Pocock,
A Thirst for Glory: The Life of Admiral Sir Sidney Smith
, in Acre, Jaffa, Jerusalem 100–20. Also: John Barrow,
The Life and Correspondence of Admiral Sir William Sidney Smith
207. Strathern 337–40; Napoleon’s retreat 371–81; killing of sick 378; Kléber 409. Franciscan welcome in Jerusalem: Peter Shankland,
Beware of Heroes: Admiral Sir S. Smith
91–5. Smith’s vanity, talking of himself: Colonel Bunbury quoted in Flora Fraser,
The Unruly Queen: The Life of Queen Caroline
136. March into Jerusalem: Clarke,
Travels in Various Countries
2.1.520. James Finn,
Stirring Times
(henceforth Finn) 157. Edward Howard,
The Memoirs of Sir Sidney Smith
146. Old Jazzar: Schur 171. 1808 fire in Sepulchre: Peters,
Jerusalem
542. Population by 1806 – 8,000:
OJ
4–5. Jerusalem and Gaza same population, c. 8,000 in 1800: Krämer 41–4. Jazzar versus Gaza: Pappe 47–51.

4
Early visitors and adventures: N. A. Silberman,
Digging for Jerusalem
(henceforth Silberman) 19–29. Y. Ben-Arieh,
Jerusalem in the 19th Century
31–67. Peters,
Jerusalem
582–62. A. Elon,
Jerusalem: A City of Mirrors
217. Clarke,
Travels in Various Countries
2.1.393–593, 2.2.3.

5
F. R. de Chateaubriand,
Travels in Greece, Palestine, Egypt and Barbary during the Years 1806 and 1807
1.368–86 and 2.15–179. Chateaubriand’s servant: Julien,
Itinéraire de Paris à Jérusalem par Julien, domestique de M. de Chateaubriand
88–9. On last of pilgrims, first of cultural imperialists including Chateaubriand: Ernst Axel Knauf, ‘Ottoman Jerusalem in Western Eyes’, in
OJ
73–6. Pappe 49–53.

6
1808 fire, Suleiman Pasha conquest: Hawari,
OJ
499–500. Rafeq,
OJ
29. Pappe 49–50. Suleiman and Sultan Mehmet II restore Dome tiles: Salameh,
OJ
103–43. Suleiman Pasha builds Iwan al-Mahmud II, pavilion, restores Maqam al-Nabi, Nabi Daoud 1817, see Hillenbrand,
OJ
14. Peters,
Jerusalem
582. Cohen,
Sacred Esplanade
216–26.

7
Caroline and Hester: thanks to Kirsten Ellis for generously sharing her unpublished research on Hester and Caroline. First visit of Montefiore: Moses and Judith Montefiore,
Diaries of Sir Moses and Lady Montefiore
(henceforth Montefiore) 36–42. Abigail Green,
Moses Montefiore: Jewish Liberator, Imperial Hero
(henceforth Green) 74–83. Alphonse de Lamartine,
Travels in the East Including Journey to the Holy Land
78–88. Pappe 60–65.

8
Disraeli: Jane Ridley,
Young Disraeli
79–97. On his various pedigrees, fantasies of Jewish settlement in conversations with Edward Stanley and his possible authorship of pre-Zionist memorandum 1878 ‘Die jüdische Frage in der orientalischen Frage’: Minna Rozen, ‘Pedigree Remembered, Reconstructed, Invented: Benjamin Disraeli between East and West’, in M. Kramer (ed.),
The Jewish Discovery of Islam
49–75. Disraeli’s 1857 pre-Zionist ideas of Rothschilds buying Palestine for Jews: Niall Ferguson,
World’s Banker: A History of the House of Rothschild
(henceforth Ferguson) 418–22 and 1131. Pappe 66–76. Jewish life: Tudor Parfitt,
Jews of Palestine 1800–1882
ch.
2
. Tuchman 220–3.

9
Mehmet Ali/Ibrahim Pasha: Finkel 427, 422–46, 428. Rogan 66–83. On Mehmet Ali regime: Khaled Fahmy in
CHE
2.139–73. Pappe 66–76. Philip Mansel,
Levant: Splendour and Catastrophe on the Mediterranean
63–90. William Brown Hodgson,
An Edited Biographical Sketch of Mohammed Ali, Pasha of Egypt, Syria, and Arabia
. Rafek,
OJ
31–2. Judith M. Rood, ‘The Time the Peasants Entered Jerusalem: The Revolt against Ibrahim Pasha in the Islamic Court Sources’,
JQ
27, Summer 2006. Judith M. Rood, ‘Intercommunal Relations in Jerusalem during Egyptian Rule 1934–41’,
JQ
32, Autumn 2007 and
JQ
34, Spring 2009. Jews and synagogues – Y. Ben-Arieh,
Jerusalem in the 19th Century
, 25–30; Ibrahim and fellahin revolt 67–70. Holy Fire: R. Curzon,
Visits to the Monasteries of the Levant
192–204. Restoration of Hurva and four Sephardic synagogues: Goldhill,
City of Longing
169. Montefiore, meetings with Muhammad Ali/1839 visit: Montefiore 177–87; Green ch.
6
. Thomsons in Jerusalem, baby and book: Oren,
Power
121–5. Mouradian, ‘Les Chrétiens’, in Nicault,
Jérusalem
177–204.

10
On Shaftesbury, Palmerston, James Finn and return of Jews, Christian Zionism: David Brown,
Palmerston: A Biography
on Mehmet Ali crisis 211–37; on religion and Shaftesbury 416–21; Norman Bentwich and John M. Shaftesley, ‘Forerunners of Zionism in the Christian Era’, in
Remember the Days: Essays on Anglo-Jewish History Presented to Cecil Roth
207–40. Green 88–9. Tuchman 175–207. Shaftesbury/British interest: Wasserstein 26–9; on the consuls and Anglo-Prussian bishopric 29 and 34–7. Rise of British power: Gilbert,
Rebirth
14–27, 42–5. M. Vereté, ‘Why was a British Consulate Established in Jerusalem?’,
English Historical Review
75 (1970) 342–5. M. Vereté, ‘The restoration of the Jews in English Protestant Thought, 1790–1840’,
Middle Eastern Studies
8 (1972) 4–50.

Ruth Kark,
American Consuls in the Holy Land
(henceforth Kark) on US missionaries 26–9 on nature of Jerusalem consulates 55, 110–11; on consuls 128–90; on Livermore and American millenarians, quote by US consul in Beirut 212–27, 307–10. On Lieutenant Lynch: Silberman 51–62. James Finn as evangelist, and wife daughter of evangelist, character, brave, tactless, Diness scandal: James and Elizabeth Finn,
View from Jerusalem, 1849–58: The Consular Diary of James and Elizabeth Anne Finn
(henceforth Finn diaries) 28–35 and 51; blood libel 107–15. Consular rivalries and pretensions: Finn 2.141, 2:221. Shaftesbury, Finn and Gawler’s Hebraism/evangelism: Green 214–19 and 232–3. Return of patriarchs: Mouradian, ‘Les Chrétiens’, in Nicault,
Jérusalem
177–204.

11
Cresson and American millenarianism: Warder Cresson,
The Key of David
, on Anglican conversion of Jews 327–30; leaving Philadelphia for Jerusalem 2; charges of insanity and defence 211–44. Levi Parsons,
Memoir of Rev. Levi Parsons
357–79. On American Second Awakening, first pilgrims Fisk and Parsons, John Adams, Robinson, Livermore, Joseph Smith Blackstone Memorial: Oren,
Power
80–92, 142–3. Obenzinger,
American Palestine
, on early Americans and Cresson 4–5 and 188–27. MacCulloch 903–7. Harriet Livermore – thanks to Kirsten Ellis for access to her unpublished chapters. US missionaries, Silberman 31–6. US Christian Zionism: W. E. Blackstone, Memorial, in Obenzinger,
American Palestine
269–70. Herzland Zionism: Gilbert,
Rebirth
217–22. Zangwill, Galveston settlement, Africa, Argentina, Angola and Territorialism: M. Obenzinger,
JQ
17 February 2003. Jews in Jerusalem, 1895: 28,000; 1905: 35,000; 1914: 45,000; Krämer 102–3 and 138. Kark 19–37. W. Thackeray,
Notes on a Journey from Cornhill to Grand Cairo
(henceforth Thackeray) 681–99.

H. Melville,
Journals
84–94; on Clarel 65–81. Knauf,
OJ
74–5. Challenge to US consular flag: Finn diaries 260–77. Finn’s evangelism: Green 219 and 232–33. Mouradian, ‘Les Chrétiens’, in Nicault,
Jérusalem
177–204.

12
Nicholas I: W. Bruce Lincoln,
Nicholas I
, handsome 49, Victoria 223, Russian God 243–6, Our Russia 251, Paul and knight, quote of Marquis de Castelbajac (French ambassador) 291, Jerusalem and the Eastern Question, French monk, legend of Alexander I and Russian love of Jerusalem 330–4. Orlando Figes,
Crimea: The Last Crusade
(henceforth Figes) 1–17; on Nicholas 36–7. H. Martineau,
Eastern Life
,3: 162–5. Fo 78/446, Finn to Aberdeen and Fo 78/205 Finn to Palmerston. Gogol: V. Voropanov, ‘Gogol v Ierusalime’,
Pravoslavny Palomnik
(2006) 2, 44–6 and 3. 35–59. 1.99–105. P. A. Kulish,
Zapiski iz zhizni N. V. Gogolia sostavlennye iz vospominaniy ego druzey i znakomykh i iz ego sobstvennykh pisem
2.164–89. N. V. Gogol,
Polnoe sobranie sochineniy: Pisma, 1848–52
vol. 14. I. P. Zolutusky,
Gogol
394–401. Elon,
Jerusalem
138–9. Jerusalem Syndrome: Yair Bar-El et al.,
British Journal of Psychiatry
176 (2000) 86–90.

13
Start of Crimean War: W. B. Lincoln,
Nicholas I
330–40. Figes 100–8; Nicholas instability 155–7; Nicholas’ ‘solely Christian purpose’ 157. Writers: Finkel 457–60. Elon,
Jerusalem
70–1. Gilbert,
Rebirth
67–9, 83–6. Finn 2: 192–32. Fo 195/445 Finn to Clarendon 28 April 1854. Ben-Arieh, 66–8. Derek Hopwood,
The Russian Presence in Syria and Palestine
1–49. Lynch diaries quoted in Gilbert,
Rebirth
51. Karl Marx,
New York Daily Tribune
15 April 1854. Colin Shindler,
A History of Modern Israel
23. Americans, Lynch: Oren,
Power
137–40. James Finn, wars against Arab/Bedouin warlords of Hebron, Abu Ghosh, fighting and Pasha military expeditions: Finn 230–50. Murders, Holy Fire: Finn diaries 104 and 133–57. On nature of Jerusalem: Finn xxvii, 4, 40–2; on governor’s prison etc. 159–74; Holy Fire fighting 2.458–9; Sudanese guards on Haram 2.237.