Jerusalem: The Biography (100 page)

PART NINE: ZIONISM

1
Herzl, Zionism 1880s: Shindler,
History
10–17. Assyrian profile: Jabotinsky quoted in Colin Shindler,
The Triumph of Military Zionism
54–61, including Christmas tree. Desmond Stewart,
Herzl
171–222, 261–73. Zionism, Herzl, new fashion for racial anti-Semitism: Brenner 256–67. Relations with Rothschilds, Ferguson 800–4. Tuchman 281–309. Jewish majority by 1860?: Paolo Cuneo, ‘The Urban Structure and Physical Organisation of Ottoman Jerusalem in Context of Ottoman Urbanism’, in
OJ
218. Hassidics and other groups arrive: Gilbert,
Rebirth
118–23 and 165–73; Hebrew culture 185–9, 207–15. Jewish immigration and population figures: Ben-Arieh 31–40 and 78 on First Aliyah figures. First Aliyah, Hess, pogroms and reaction of Tolstoy/Turgenev: Shmuel Ettinger and Israel Bartal, ‘First Aliyah, Ideological Roots and Practical Accomplishments’, in
Cathedra
2.197–200. Yemenite
aliyah
: Nitza Druyon, ‘Immigration and Integration of Yemenite Jews in 1st
Aliyah
’, in
Cathedra
3.193–5. Immigration of Bokharans: author interview with Shlomo Moussaieff. Karl Baedeker (1876), 186 Spanish Jews vs squalid Polish brethen. Kalischer, Alkalai and early proto-Zionists: Green 322–4. Evangelist Zionism: W. E. Blackstone, in Obenzinger,
American Palestine
269–70. Herzland Zionism: Gilbert,
Rebirth
217–22. Zangwill, Galveston settlement, Africa, Argentina; Angola and Territorialism: Obenzinger,
JQ
2003. Jews in Jerusalem 1895: 28,000; 1905: 35,000; 1914: 45,000: Krämer 102–11, 138; pogroms and rise in Jewish population 197–9. Martin Gilbert,
Churchill and the Jews
, Churchillian Territorialism in Tripolitania and Cyrenaica 249. Kark 19–37. Jewish Neighbourhoods: Gilbert,
Rebirth
140–5. Tom Segev,
One Palestine Complete: Jews and Arabs under the British Mandate
221–3. Jewish suburbs: Ben-Arieh 48–58. Herzl on extra-territorial Temple Mount: Wasserstein 320. Weizmann,
Trial and Error
: on Herzl style, character, not of people 41, 63; Sir Francis Montefiore, Rothschilds, Herzlian Zionism 62–5. Early Zionist distaste for Jerusalem: Sufian Abu Zaida, ‘“A Miserable Provincial Town”: The Zionist Approach to Jerusalem 1897–1937’,
JQ
32, Autumn 2007. Rothschild bids to buy Wall: Pappe 116–17.

2
Kaiser and Herzl in Jerusalem:
New York Times
29 October 1898. Cohen,
Sacred Esplanade
216–26. Travel agent Cook:
New York Times
20 August 1932. Thomas Cook: Gilbert,
Rebirth
154–60. Luxury Thomas Cook and Rolla Floyd tents: Vester 160–1. Luxury tourist tents: Ruth and Thomas Hummel,
Patterns of the Sacred: English Protestant and Russian Orthodox Pilgrims of the Nineteenth Century
, photograph. Kaiser, Jews and Herzl: John Rohl,
Wilhelm II: The Kaiser’s Personal Monarchy 1888–1900
944–54; on Church of Redeemer 899; I alone know something; all of you know nothing 843; on Jews 784. Kaiser and anti-Semitism: John Rohl,
The Kaiser and his Court
190–212; on sexual hijinks at court/poodle 16. German architecture: Kroyanker 24. Visit to Temple Mount:
OJ
270–1. Vester 194–8. Silberman 162–3. Sean McMeekin,
The Berlin–Baghdad Express
, on Kaiser in Jerusalem and letters to tsar 14–16.

Stewart,
Herzl
261–73. Goldhill,
City of Longing
140. Gilbert,
Rebirth
223–7. Modernity, Kaiser and photography: Victor-Hummel, ‘Culture and Image’ 181–91. Photos:
OJ
267. Ben-Arieh 76. On Arab politics and Ruhi Khalidi: Marcus,
Jerusalem, 1913: Origins of Arab–Israeli Conflict
39–44 and 99. Krämer 111–15. Herzland Uganda: Lord Rothschild’s introduction, Ferguson 802–4. Herzl, Uganda, Lloyd George as lawyer in two applications for Sinai homeland in 1903 and 1906: David Fromkin,
A Peace to End All Peace
(henceforth Fromkin) 271–5. Churchillian Territorialism: Gilbert,
Churchill and the Jews
249. Zangwill, Galveston settlement, Africa, Argentina, Angola and Territorialism: Obenzinger,
JQ
2003 17. Pappe 108–11. Ilan Pappe, ‘Rise and Fall of the Husaynis’, Part 1,
JQ
10, Autumn 2000; ‘Husayni Family Faces New Challenges’, Part 2,
JQ
11–12, Winter 2001. Wasserstein 320.

Amy Dockser Marcus,
Jerusalem 1913: Origins of the Arab–Israeli Conflict
30–60. Yusuf al-Khalidi to Chief Rabbi of France Zadok Khan in Nusseibeh,
Country
23. Kasmeh, ‘Leading Intellectuals of Late Ottoman Jerusalem’,
OJ
37–42.

3
The portrait of Ben-Gurion throughout the book is based on the biography Michael Bar-Zohar,
Ben-Gurion
; David Ben-Gurion,
Recollections
; Weizmann; Shindler,
History
and
Military Zionism
; conversations with Shimon Peres and Yitzhak Yaacovy. Ben-Gurion,
Recollections
34–43, 59–61. Bar-Zohar,
Ben-Gurion
1–12, 26–8. Krämer 111–15. Political philosophy, articles in 1914 and 1920: Shindler,
History
21–35, 42–4 and 99–101. Weizmann: Herzl Ugandaism and El Arish plans 119–122; meeting with Plehve and Kishinev pogroms 109–18.
Protocols of Elders of Zion
: David Aaronovitch,
Voodoo Histories
22–48. Early Zionist distaste for Jerusalem: Abu Zaida, ‘“A Miserable Provincial Town”’,
JQ
32, Autumn 2007.

4
Young Turk Revolution and Arab nationalism: this section is based on Wasif Jawhariyyeh,
Al Quds Al Othmaniyah Fi Al Muthakrat Al Jawhariyyeh
, vol. 1:
1904–1917
, vol. 2:
1918–1948
, trans. for this book by Maral Amin Quttieneh (henceforth Wasif). Among the diary entries used are 1.160, 167, 168–9, 190, 204, 211, 217, 219, 231. Also based on: Tamari, ‘Jerusalem’s Ottoman Modernity’,
JQ
9, Summer 2000. On cafés, atmosphere, women in the city: Salim Tamari, ‘The Last Feudal Lord in Palestine’,
JQ
16, November 2002. Salim Tamari, ‘The Vagabond Café and Jerusalem’s Prince of Idleness’,
JQ
19, October 2003. Antebi: Marcus,
Jerusalem 1913
50–73. Baedeker on city of no entertainment: Gilbert,
Rebirth
154–60. Baedeker (1912) xxii, 19, 57. On Arab nationalism and Young Turk revolution/Khalil Sakakini quote: Norman Rose,
A Senseless Squalid War: Voices from Palestine
8. Arab renaissance, disappointed nationalism, Young Turks: Rogan 147–9. Shindler,
History
23–8. Young Turks, seizure of power by Committee of Union and Progress, Turkish nationalism, rise of Enver: Efraim Karsh and Inari Karsh,
Empires of the Sand: Struggle for Mastery in the Middle East 1789–1923
(henceforth Karsh) 95–117. See also: P. S. Khoury,
Urban Notables and Arab Nationalism: The Politics of Damascus 1860–1920
. On CUP: Mazower,
Salonica
272–290. Football/school: Pappe 124–6; early nationalism 127–9; anti-Zionism 39–46.

5
Russian pilgrimage/Rasputin: G. E. Rasputin,
Moi mysli i razmyshleniia. Kratkoe opisanie puteshestviya po svyatym mestam i vyzvannye im razmyshleniya po religioznym voprosam
60–74. Garb, journey, deathcaps Graham 3–10; kvass 35; accommodation 44–6; Westerners 55; Sepulchre 62–4; corruption in Jerusalem, 69–76; Easter 101–10; booze in Compound 118; Holy Fire 126–8; street embraces 130–2. Russian shoot-out in Sepulchre; Martin Gilbert,
Jerusalem in the Twentieth Century
(henceforth Gilbert,
JTC
) 20. Eduard Radzinsky,
Rasputin
180–3. Hummel,
Patterns of the Sacred
39–61.

6
This account is based on the Parker family archive: special thanks to the present Earl of Morley and his brother the Hon. Nigel Parker for their help and papers.
The Times
(London) 4 May 1911.
New York Times
5 and 7 May 1911. Major Foley,
Daily Express
3 and 10 October 1926. Philip Coppens, ‘Found: One Ark of the Covenant?’,
Nexus Magazine
13/6, October–November 2006. Silberman 180–8. On riots and high jinks: Vester 224–30. Pappe 142.

7
1910–14. Rogan 147–9. 1908 to rise of Enver: Karsh 95–117. Majower: 280–90 Excitement 1908: Marcus,
Jerusalem 1913
66–8, 186. Young Turks and Three Pashas: Finkel 526–32. Abdul-Hamid’s clock: Krämer 75. Visit of Pr Eitel Fritz 1910, fight at Sepulchre; Gilbert,
JTC
20–4; Zionist settlement and politics 25–40. Jerusalem as Babel by Weizmann 3–4. Wasserstein 70–81. Augusta Victoria: Storrs 296. Enver coup: Karsh 94–101. Pappe 139–150.

8
Jemal Pasha/First World War. Arrival of Pasha, and ‘beautiful’ parade of Mecca Sheikh Sayeed Alawi Wafakieh with green flag, Wasif 1:167. Kress von Kressenstein on Sheikh’s parade and Suez expedition, Sean McMeekin,
Berlin–Baghdad Express
, 166–179. Jemal, al-Salahiyya, Enver visit: Wasif 1.232.
OJ
57–62. Pappe 150–9. Most quotes from Jemal are either from the diaries of his private secretary Falih Rifki quoted in Geoffrey Lewis, ‘An Ottoman Officer in Palestine 1914–18’, in Kushner,
Palestine in the Late Ottoman Period
403–14, or from Djemal Pasha,
Memoirs of a Turkish Statesman 1913–19
. Franz von Papen,
Memoirs
70. Terror, urban planning in Damascus: Burns,
Damascus
263–5. Rudolf Hoess,
Commandant of Auschwitz
38–41. Rudolf Hess: Vester 209 and 263. On high politics/military: Karsh 105–17; Suez attacks 141; repression of Zionists, NILI spy-ring 160–70. Krämer 143–7. Finkel 533–40. On war declaration and al-Aqsa allegiance, Count Ballobar and Jemal: Segev,
Palestine
15–20. Hanging Mufti of Gaza: Storrs 371; Jews welcome Kressenstein 288; on Ballobar 303. Arrival of Armenians: Hintlian,
History of the Armenians in the Holy Land
65–6. Gilbert,
JTC
41–5. Jemal character: Vester 259–67; destruction of Jerusalem plan 81; Rudolf Hess in Jerusalem 208–9 and 263. Fromkin: Jemal terror 209–11. Military campaign: Roger Ford,
Eden to Armageddon: World War I in the Middle East
311–61. Jemal takes Faisal to hangings; Jemal, Enver most ruthless: T. E. Lawrence,
Seven Pillars of Wisdom
(henceforth Lawrence) 46, 51. The start of the war: George Hintlian, ‘The First World War in Palestine and Msgr. Franz Fellinger’, in Marion Wrba,
Austrian Presence in the Holy Land in the 19th and Early 20th Century
179–93. Wasserstein 70–81. Jemal repressions: Karsh 161–70.

9
Death and sex under Jemal. This section is based on the diarists Wasif, Ihsan Turjman, Khalil Sakakini. Political thought, Jerusalem life, nationalism, Jemal and Turkish debauchery, prostitutes in schools, at Turkish parties, on street, Tennenbaum: Salim Tamari, ‘The Short Life of Private Ihsan: Jerusalem 1915’,
JQ
30, Spring 2007. Vester, 264–7, 270–1. Wasif 1.160, 167, 168–9, 190, 204, 211, 217, 219, 231. Tamari, ‘Jerusalem’s Ottoman Modernity’,
JQ
9, Summer 2000. Adel Manna, ‘Between Jerusalem and Damascus: The End of Ottoman Rule as Seen by a Palestinian Modernist’,
JQ
22–23, Autumn/Winter 2005. Jemal repressions: Karsh 161–70. On Syrian nationalism and terror: see Khoury,
Urban Notables and Arab Nationalism
. Pappe 150–9.