Kachina and the Cross (63 page)

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Authors: Carroll L Riley

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BOOK: Kachina and the Cross
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Page 303
Chapter 13, The Currents of War
For the activities of the procurator-general Ayeta, see Hackett,
Historical Documents
, vol. 3, pp. 18-19, 286-89. For the missionary and Spanish governmental attitude toward Pueblo Indians, see the various documents on the attempted reconquest of 1681-82 (Hackett and Shelby,
Revolt
, vol. 2; and Vélez de Escalante,
Extracto de noticias,
for that period). The villainy of Francisco Xavier is discussed by Vélez de Escalante in
Extracto de noticias
, p. 12. For biographic reference on Francisco Xavier, Luis de Quintana, Diego López Sambrano and their families, see Chávez,
Origins
, pp. 58, 89, 113. Concerning the statement of Juan of Tesuque about the murder of Nicolás Bua, see Hackett and Shelby,
Revolt
, vol. 2, p. 234; see also Ortiz,
Popay
, p. 22. The role of Apaches in the rebellion is discussed by Hackett and Shelby (
Revolt
, vol. 1, p. xxiv n. 4). See also pp. 71-72 for the report of Alonso García, who stated that sargentos mayores Sebastián de Herrera and Fernando de Chávez retreated from that pueblo, "leaving their wives and children in the said pueblo, dead at the hands of the Christian Taos and the heathen Apaches." For Manso involvement, see the statement of the Santa Fe cabildo from La Salineta, Oct. 3, 1680 (Hackett and Shelby,
Revolt
, vol. 1, p. 181). For the question of the knotted cords as signals for rebellion, note the discussion by Hackett and Shelby,
Revolt
, vol. 1, pp. xxv-xxvii n. 10. The timing of the revolt is discussed by Hackett and Shelby,
Revolt
, vol. 1, pp. xxix-liii. As per Hackett and Shelby (vol. 1, p. xxvi), more than one kind of cord is mentioned.
For the killing of Spaniards at Taos, consult Hackett and Shelby,
Revolt
, vol. 1, p. 73, and for the Tewa area, vol. 1, p. 10. The slaughter of the Anaya family is reported in vol. 1, p. 66. See also Chávez,
Origins
, p. 4. For torture of priests, see Vélez de Escalante,
Extracto de noticias
, pp. 158-61; see also Walz,
El Paso
, pp. 249-50. For the captivity of the Leiva women, see the declaration of the Tano native Pedro García (Hackett and Shelby,
Revolt
, vol. 1, p. 25). Mention of Spanish survivors at San Juan Pueblo comes from Walz,
El Paso
, p. 181. The list of captives made by Vargas is found in Kessell and Hendricks,
By Force of Arms
, pp. 525, 530-31. A photocopy of the Spanish text appears on pp. 526-28, and further information on individuals involved is on pp. 430, 488, and 621. It is not certain that the Anaya Almazán rescued at Pecos was Francisco, but Kessell and Hendricks (p. 488) think it probable. For other information on survivors, consult also Chávez,
Origins
, pp. 5, 27, 81, and 99; Vélez de Escalante,
Extracto de noticias
, pp. 177, 180; and J. L. Kessell, "The Ways and Words of the Other: Diego de Vargas and Cultural Brokers in Late Seventeenth-Century New Mexico,"
Between Indian and White Worlds: The Cultural Broker
, M. C. Szasz, ed. (University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, 1994), pp. 25-43, 304-8. For material on the Pueblo captive Juana de Apodaca, see p. 36.
Page 304
For the early state of the defense of Santa Fe, see the
Autos
of Antonio de Otermín dated Aug. 13, 1680 (Hackett and Shelby,
Revolt
, vol. 1, pp. 11-12) and Aug. 13-20, 1680 (vol. 1, pp. 12-16). The quote about the counterstrike of Spaniards is on p. 15. Otermín's count of survivors is given in Certification of Departure, Aug. 21, 1680 (Hackett and Shelby,
Revolt
, vol. 1, p. 19). See also Walz,
El Paso
, p. 32. For preparations for leaving Santa Fe, see the certification and notice of departure issued by Francisco Xavier (Hackett and Shelby,
Revolt
, vol. 1, p. 19); information on the march is given by Otermín (vol. 1, pp. 19-27). For the activities of Alonso García consult vol. 1, pp. lxvii-lxx, 54-55, 62-65, 70-75; of Pedro de Leiva, vol. 2, pp. 163-68. See also Twitchell,
Spanish Archives
, vol. 1, pp. 24-27. For the location of Alamillo Pueblo, see Marshall and Walt,
Rio Abajo
, pp. 254-55. Otermín's attempts to supply his refugees at La Salineta can be found in Hackett and Shelby,
Revolt
, vol. 1, pp. 132-33. For the muster at that place, see Hackett and Shelby,
Revolt
, vol. 1, pp. 18, 31, 120,136-54, and 161.For the Leiva escort, see vol. 1, pp. lxxxvii, 51, 85.
Otermín's reconquest attempt is recounted in great detail by Hackett and Shelby,
Revolt
, vol. 1, pp. cxx-ccvii. For the detailed muster roll for the march north in November 1681, see Hackett and Shelby,
Revolt
, vol. 2, pp. 191-201. Material on Alonso Catiti is found in
Revolt
, vol. 1, p. 66; vol. 2, pp. 226, 236, 243, 247, 296,320, 386, and 388; on El Ollita, vol. 2, pp. 239, 241, 260, 263, 266-67, 304, and 387; on Domingo Luján, vol. 2, pp. 263-64. For Father Ayeta's comment on the unwillingness of settlers to go on Otermín's expedition, see
Revolt
, vol. 2, pp. 313-14. Otermín's evaluation of the threat to Isleta by Tupatú is set forth in an Auto of Dec. 24, 1681; see
Revolt
, vol. 2, p. 337. The differing opinions of the head missionaries on the expedition are detailed in Kessell and Hendricks,
By Force of Arms
, p. 20.
For events in the early settlement of the El Paso area, see Vélez de Escalante,
Extracto de noticias,
pp. 120-21. The movement of the various outlying settlements nearer El Paso after the outbreak of Manso hostilities is discussed by Walz (
El Paso,
pp. 118, 145) and Timmons (
El Paso
, pp. 18-20). For the Manso and Suma struggles, see T. H. Naylor and C. W. Polzer, S.J.,
The Presidio and Militia on the Northern Frontier of New Spain: 1570-1700
(University of Arizona Press, Tucson, 1986), pp. 483-88, 506-9, 509-27, 528-47 (these citations contain both translations and transcriptions of original documents). The execution of the Suma rebels is discussed by Naylor (
Athapaskans They Weren't
, p. 276). The visita of September 1684 is recorded by Walz (
El Paso
, pp. 160-61). For the El Paso muster of November 1684, see Naylor and Polzer,
Presidio and Militia
, pp. 511-27. For general conditions in the El Paso area, consult Kessell and Hendricks,
By Force of Arms
, pp. 22-24; see also Beckett and Corbett,
Manso
Page 305
Indians
, pp. 9-12, and Walz,
El Paso
, p. 172. For additional details, see A. E. Hughes,
The Beginnings of Spanish Settlement in the El Paso District
(University of California, Publications in History, vol. 1, no. 3, Berkeley, 1914). De Salle's role in extending French influence into the southern Mississippi Basin is discussed in Brebner,
Explorers
, pp. 269-78. For the eastern Texas missions and Spanish French interaction along this frontier, see J. R. Swanton,
Source Material on the History and Ethnology of the Caddo Indians
(Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin 132, Washington, D.C., 1942), pp. 44-50; for French activities, see pp. 50-51.
The background material on Reneros can be found in Hackett and Shelby,
Revolt
, vol. 2, pp. 63, 134. See also Walz,
El Paso
, pp. 221-22; and Kessell and Hendricks,
By Force of Arms
, p. 24. The Montoya execution is recorded by Walz (
El Paso
, p. 222). Background material on the Montoya family is given by Chávez (
Origins
, pp. 77-78). For the 1687 expedition of Reneros to the Jemez River and for the subsequent Suma revolt, see Walz,
El Paso
, pp. 226-27; and Kessell and Hendricks,
By Force of Arms
, pp. 24-25. The end of the Domínguez de Mendoza story is recited by Walz,
El Paso
, pp. 237-38, 244-45. For the account of the Indian Juan, see pp. 126-27; for that of the Tiwa native Lucas, see pp. 179-82. Vélez de Escalante (
Extracto de noticias
, pp. 156-61) has considerable detail on Jironza's military activities in the Pueblo area. Walz (
El Paso,
pp. 246-52) generally follows Escalante but gives a few additional details. For information on the change of Pueblo leadership, see the 1778 letter of Vélez de Escalante in Twitchell,
Spanish Archives
, vol. 2, pp. 276-77. Other information on Jironza in the upper Southwest comes from J. M. Mange,
Luz de la Tierra Incognita en la América Septentrional, y diario de las exploraciones en Sonora
(AGN, Publicaciones, no. 10, F. Fernández de Castillo, ed., Mexico, 1926), p. 212. A discussion of Toribio and his mercury mine is given in Walz,
El Paso
, pp. 254-57. See also J. M. Espinosa, "The Legend of Sierra Azul,"
NMHR
9 (2) (1934): 113-58, esp. pp. 122-24. The Sierra Azul and Cerro Colorado, somewhere in the Zuni and Hopi area, were supposed to have contained rich deposits of silver and cinnabar (mercury ore), respectively, and rumors about them dated from Peñalosas time (p. 121).
Chapter 14, An Era Ends, An Era Begins
For the history of the Vargas family, see J. L. Kessell, ed.,
Remote Beyond Compare
(University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque, 1989), pp. 3-46. The "middling nobility" comment comes on p. 24. For the expedition of 1689, see Kessell,
Remote
, p. 51, and Vélez de Escalante,
Extracto de noticias
, pp.
Page 306
156-58. A comment on Bartolomé can be found in Espinosa,
Revolt
, p. 240 n. 1.For information on various Pueblo leaders, both those who continued to defend the Indian cause and those who apostatized, see Espinosa,
Revolt
, pp. 34, 43, 44, and 270; see also Kessell, Hendricks, and Dodge,
Royal Crown
, pp. 402-3. Pueblo Indians who had kinship ties with the Spaniards include members of the Naranjo family, Alonso Catiti of the Márquez family, Ollita of Cochiti, and a number of others. For comments on godparenthood, see Kessell,
Ways and Words
, pp. 36-37, 307. For the march north to the Albuquerque area, see Vélez de Escalante,
Extracto de noticias
, pp. 162-63; Espinosa,
First Expedition
, pp. 29-30; and Kessell and Hendricks,
By Force of Arms
, pp. 368-83. Accounts of the entry into Santa Fe and the events that shaped the ritual repossession during September and October 1692 can be found in Kessell,
Remote
, pp. 56-57; and Kessell and Hendricks,
By Force of Arms
, 406-65. The "musket shot" quote is on p. 391. Arrival of the Parral contingent is mentioned in Kessell,
Remote
, p. 58; and in Kessell and Hendricks,
By Force of Arms
, p. 423. Material on the captive Spaniards and others can be found on p. 430; the full list of captives is on pp. 525-31. For the Jemez trip, see pp. 520-23; for visits to various of the Keresan Pueblos, pp. 508-20, 523-24. Statements about Roque Madrid's ability to translate in Keresan can be found in Vargas's journal entries. See Kessell, Hendrick, and Dodge,
Blood on the Boulders
, pp. 200, 225, and 237. For appointment of Tupatú to control over Santa Fe and various of the Rio Grande pueblos, see p. 509. The initial contacts with Hopi can be found in Espinosa,
First Expedition,
pp. 210-11. For the march to Zuni and Hopi, see Kessell and Hendricks,
By Force of Arms
, pp. 545-84; for the return to El Paso, see pp. 584-97. The statement about livestock and horse herds being moved to safety is taken from Espinosa,
First Expedition
, pp. 211-12. For the comments about Luis Tupatú, see C. de Sigüenza y Góngora,
The Mercurio volante: An account of the first expedition of Don Diego de Vargas into New Mexico in 1692
(Irving A. Leonard, trans., The Quivira Society, Los Angeles [contains both English and Spanish texts], 1932), p. 80. The happenings at Hopi are recorded by Espinosa,
First Expedition
, pp. 216-28.
For the 1693 expedition northward, see Kessell, Hendricks, and Dodge,
Royal Crown Restored
, pp. 398, 439, 440, 444, 457, and 473. A count of the Vargas army and settlers is given in Espinosa,
Revolt
, p. 41. Warnings by Juan de Ye are drawn from Kessell, Hendricks, and Dodge,
Royal Crown Restored
, pp. 437-38. According to Vargas, El Picuri was dead by October 1696 (Kessell, Hendricks, and Dodge,
Blood on the Boulders
, p. 1033). For the attack on Santa Fe, see Espinosa,
Revolt
, pp. 43-44; see also Kessell, Hendricks, and Dodge,
Royal Crown
, pp. 525-35. For the events of 1694 and 1695, see Espinosa,
Revolt
, pp. 44-46. The first part of the rebellion is described by Vargas in a letter to the

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