Kate Berridge (46 page)

Nelson, Horatio, Lord, 190; funerary wax facsimiles, 236, 237; statue, 309

networking: Curtius, 53, 95; MT, 203

new ideas/fashions
see
novelty

Newcastle-upon-Tyne: MT in, 227

news and current affairs: royal news as speciality, 2; waxworks and, 2, 28, 93–4, 97, 122, 218, 235–6, 242; increasing importance, 99; under the Directory, 171–2; MT's awareness of, 192, 239, 256; dissemination in England, 218; with history in MT's exhibition, 247; ephemeral figures, 277–8; poster,
277

newspapers: England, 218; local press in England, importance to MT's success, 226; rise in production, 261

Nicolet, Jean (theatrical impresario), 30, 41, 44; Louis XVI's patronage, 44

nobility
see
aristocracy; royal family

Norfolk Chronicle
, 169

Normandie, Duc de, 167

Northampton: MT in, 233

Norwich: Curtius show in, 169; MT in, 228, 232, 234

Norwich Mercury
, 228

Notes and Queries
, 167

novelty: importance, 24–5, 38–9, 205; Boulevard du Temple, 44; and Marie Antoinette, 71, 77; fashion icons, 75–6, 77, 78, 171; fashion trends, 79; Madame Tussaud and Sons, 276–7

 

O'Connell, Daniel: MT's wax model, 240

Old London Bazaar: MT's exhibition, 250-1

opening hours of wax exhibitions: Edinburgh, 202; MT's touring exhibition, 250

Opéra (Paris), 30, 32

optical illusions, 263

Orléans, Duc d' (Philippe Egalité; previously Duc de Chartres): development of Palais-Royal, 26, 82–3; appearance, 51–2, 84; character, 83; popularity, 84; wax model, 94, 103,
104
, 105, 106; charity, 96–7; English memorabilia, 115; as Philippe Egalité, 130–1; in dress of sans-culottes, 133–4

Orléans, Duc d' (father of Philippe Egalité), 82

Oxford: MT in, 226, 232, 256

Oxford Magazine
, 48

 

Palais-Royal, Paris (
later
Palais-Egalité), 26, 82–3, 85, 86–7; popular entertainments, 32; lack of public jurisdiction, 88; licentiousness in, 88; as headquarters of Third Estate propaganda, 99, 100; soap-box speakers, 100; live attractions, 162–3; backlash against Marat, 164–5; Cabinet of Professor Bertrand, 173;
see also
Salon de Cire (Palais-Royal)

Pall Mall Gazette
: obituary of MT, 310

Palloy, Pierre-François, 114–15, 152

Panklibanon ironworks, 258

panoramas, 114, 245, 262–3

Panthéon: as secular hall of fame, 123; Mirabeau as first admission, 123; Voltaire in, 128

Paris: vs Versailles, 12–13, 35, 37, 70, 90, 94; consumerism, 14–15; fairs, 26; skewed priorities, 37–8, 46; as capital of hedonism, 39; filth in, 45–6; cleanliness, 46, 134; Mercier on, 94; destruction of effgies, 101; military resistance to demonstrators, 105; renewed opulence, 171;
see also
France; French Revolution

patriotism: 265, 274, 275; as fashion, 121; British insignia in MT's exhibition, 285

patronage: de Conti of Curtius, 11–12; change, 25, 176–7; public, 25; Astley, 40; royal, 40, 49, 256–7; Nicolet, 44; MT's patrons in England, 228, 228–9, 256–7, 259, 269

Paxton, Joseph: appeal from
Punch
over Crystal Palace, 316; Crystal Palace, 316

Peacock, Thomas:
Melincourt
, 217

Peel, Robert, 288, 302

people-watching; as part of MT's exhibition, 226

Pepin, François (peddler), 105, 106

Percy, Samuel: wax portraiture, 187–8

Père Duchesne, La
(newspaper), 151

Perrier brothers, 46

Peterloo Massacre, 215

phantasmagorias, 42; Philipstal, 145, 195–6; waning of interest in, 196;
see also
magic-lantern

Philipstal, Paul de: arrest in Paris, 145–6; professional partnership with MT, 175–6, 200; and MT's arrival in London, 188–9; Lyceum extravaganza, 190–1; private performances in London, 191–2; animated models, 192–3; character, 192, 194; interest in celebrity, 192; legal disputes, 192; treatment of MT in London, 197, 200; and MT's Edinburgh success, 201–2; in Edinburgh, 204–5; closing of Edinburgh exhibition, 205; MT on, 205–6, 208; in Dublin, 206, 207; paid off by MT, 207

‘philosophical toys', 41

photography: silhouettes as precursor of, 222, 294–5; wax models as precursor, 235, 255; Daguerre's diorama, 263; beginning of, 302, 309;
see also
likenesses

Pictorial Times
, 288

Place de Grève: second-hand clothing sales, 17; as place of execution, 27, 131; burning of Louis XVI's effects, 143

Place de la Révolution (
previously
Place Louis V;
later
Place de la Concorde), 168; execution of Louis XVI, 142; guillotine, 155, 156

Place du Carrousel, 141

plays
see
theatres

pleasure
see
entertainment; fun

politics: and social change, 35; growth of interest in, 90–1, 98; wax exhibitions and, 93, 217

Polytechnic Institution, Regent Street: diving bell rides, 291

poor, the: the clergy and, 14; theatre-going, 39; escapism, 45; food shortages, 50, 96, 165; support for the monarchy, 96; Bristol, 251, 252

popular culture: MT's belief in, 3; democratization of culture, 20–1, 30; waxworks and democratization, 24, 172; rise of popular entertainment, 30, 35; aristocratic interest in, 31–2, 40; state control, 32, 35; at Palais-Royal, 86, 87; MT and, 235;
see also
culture

Portsmouth: MT in, 226, 227–8

Preston: MT in, 233

printers, Paris: restrictions on, 35; resurgence after Revolution, 122; introduction of colour printing, 262

prisons: massacres, 1792, 138;
see also
Bastille prison; La Force prison; Temple prison

promenade: MT's innovation, 225–6, 250

propaganda: Third Estate, 99, 100; siege of Bastille as birth of, 110

Provence, Comte de
see
Louis XVIII, King of France

public: accessibility to, importance to MT, 2; fickleness, 25; patronage, 25; public opinion, 21, 29, 276; freeing of public opinion, 35; prejudice against, England, 188; MT's discouragement to improper persons, 226;
see also
crowd

public dining, 73–4, 171–2;
see also
food, Paris; restaurant(s)

public exhibitions: England, admission of public, 280, 281–2

public interest, 2; as criterion for choice of wax models, 21, 29–30, 79, 275–6; in British royal family, 274

public taste: change in, 276;
see also
fashion(s)

publicity
see
advertising

Punch
, 4, 291–3, 298, 303, 323; on Crystal Palace, 316; on Great Exhibition, 317

puppet shows, 41

 

Rackstrow's museum, 185

railway travel: beginning, 261, 276; and MT's exhibition, 261; and travelling shows, 315

rank: confusion of, 17, 18, 30, 39; and French royal family, 64, 71, 72; replaced by wealth as index of worth, 85;
see also
class

Reading: MT in, 256

realism/reality
see
likenesses

‘recreation', and entertainment, 318

recycling of heads
see
heads, replacing

Reform Bill, 262; Bristol riots over, 251

Reign of Terror
see
Terror, Reign of in France

Reiss, Madame Salomé: loan to MT, 169, 213

relic phenomenon, 279; Napoleon's relics, 242, 261, 279, 280, 307

religion: and science, 262;
see also
Church, the

restaurant(s): origin of word, 48; Palais-Royal, 48; rise in popularity, 88, 171; by guillotine in Place de la Révolution, 156;
see also
public dining

Réveillon (wallpaper manufacturer), 19–20, 49; mock murder, 101–2

Richardson's Rock Band,
290
, 291

riots
see
social unrest

rituals: royal family of France, 72, 73–4,
79
, 80; French Revolution, 127–8;
see also
festivals

rival wax exhibitions: Curtius's Grand Cabinet of Curiosities, 169–70; Cabinet of

Professor Bertrand, 172–3; Mrs Salmon's waxworks, 180,
183
, 184

roads: improvement in England, 217–18

Robespierre, Maximilien: death head, 10, 159–60; MT on, 117–18, 134, 146; dress, 134; Curtius and, 145–6; on Marat tableau, 149; on Committee of Public Safety, 151; increase in executions under, 155;

Robespierre, Maximilien (
cont.
) execution, 159; in Festival of the Supreme Being, 159

Rochester: MT in, 238, 256

Roland, Madame, 17, 140

Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 10, 21, 57–8, 85, 88; and secularisation, 13;
The Social Contract
, 13; influence, 21–3;
La Nouvelle Hélöise
, 22; appearance, 38; as Curtius's guest, 51; MT on, 52, 65–6; MT's wax model, 57, 94; appeals from his mistress to Madame Elizabeth for money, 65–6; boom in Rousseau busts, 165

Royal Academy (British), 188

Royal College of Surgeons: Hunterian Museum, 307

royal family of Britain, 242; waxworks, 185–6, 237, 242; scandal, 244–5; MT's promotion of, 245; MT's wax models, 245, 247, 264, 304; endorsement of MT's exhibition, 257; public interest in, 274; wax tableaux, 276–7; ‘House of Brunswick at one view' exhibition, 285; changing view of monarchy, 304–5; as entertainment, 305;
see also
coronations

royal family of France: wax tableaux, 28,
79
, 80, 89, 234; MT on, 61–4, 66, 67, 69–70; unapproachability, 72; royal-watching as spectator sport, 73–4; attempts to modernize monarchy, 76; Curtius's wax models of, 78, 88–9, 144; waning of deference, 78–9, 97, 125; role of wax in marketing, 79; public support for, 80, 96; abortive escape, 124, 125; symbolic death sentence, 141; desecration of tombs, 143; Grand Couvert
see
Grand Couvert, Le

royalty: and advertising, 49; MT and, 61–4, 242; change in perception of, 77, 78

Rue Saint-Honoré, Paris, 14–15, 37, 77; guillotine, 156;
see also
Bertin, Rose

rural entertainments: decline in England, 216, 219, 316

Rush, James Blomfield: execution, 303; wax model, 304

 

Sade, Marquis de (Louis Sade), 109, 147

St Paul's Cathedral, 281, 283

Salon de Cire (Palais-Royal), 26, 86–7,
86
; Paris almanac references, 29; royal family as centrepiece, 78; pseudo-educational style, 86–7; closed by Curtius, 95, 96, 101; handed over to creditor by François, 213; tableaux
see
wax tableaux

sans-culottes, 134–5; dress, 132–4; waxworks as entertainment, 135, 163; and
fédérés
, 136

Sanson, Charles-Henri, 132, 141; guillotine blade,
132

Sarti, Signor, 319

scandals: MT as beneficiary, 242–5

scent: development, 46

Schmidt, Tobias (inventor of the guillotine), 95

science: and religion, 262

scientific advances, 262

scientists: showmen as, 42

Scotland
see
Edinburgh; Glasgow

Scott, Sir Walter: MT's wax model, 240

secular idolatry, cult of
see
celebrity

secularism: rise in France, 13–15

Seine, river, 46

self-improvement, Victorian, 275

Senac de Meilhan, Gabriel, 305

sentimentality and sensitivity, 22

shifting allegiances, France, 124–5, 164

showmanship: MT's inheritance from Curtius, 162

Sieyès, Abbé: wax model, 94; on nobility and clergy, 98

silhouette portraits: Joseph Tussaud's, 222, 294–5,
295

sittings, for wax models, 56–7, 80–1

Smallpage, Rebecca
see
Tussaud, Rebecca (
née
Smallpage; MT's daughter-in-law) Smith, Richard (surgeon), 240

Smithfield cattle show: MT's exploitation of, 269–70, 274–5

snobbery, 275; and MT, 311–12

social change: mirrored in waxworks, 31

social change, France: increased social mobility, 21; and politics, 35; and royal family, 77; equal rights, 85; after French Revolution, 164; fiscal collapse in 1795, 168; and lessening of appeal of waxworks, 172

social unrest, England, 215; Bristol riots, 251, 252, 254–6,
254
social unrest, Paris: food, 50; anti-Establishment feeling, 85–6; demonstration over Necker's dismissal, 102–3, 105–7; destruction of feudal symbols, 125–6; violence against aristocrats, 126

Society for the Suppression of Vice, 216

soldiers
see
military; Swiss Guards

souvenirs
see
commemorative merchandise

Spectator, The
, 267

Staël, Madame de, 70, 123

Staffordshire potteries, 303;
see also
Wedgwood brothers

stars
see
celebrity

Stratton, Charles Sherwood ‘Tom Thumb', 288–9

street performers, Paris, 43–4

subscription clubs, England, 218

sugar, 47; shortage, 130

Surrey Zoological Gardens, 281

Sussex, Duke of: visit to MT's exhibition, 259

Sweet Home, wax tableaux, 304–5

Swiss Guards: dress, 75; Tuileries massacre, 136–7;
see also
military

 

tableaux
see
wax tableaux

taste, public: change in, 276

Taunton Courier
, 228, 238

technological innovation: acceleration, 300

Temple district, Paris: rise to prominence, 32;
see also
Boulevard du Temple

Temple prison: King and Queen as prize sight, 138; model on tour in England, 170

Tennis Court Oath, 99