Kate Berridge (47 page)

Terror, Reign of in France, 138; MT and, 138; English Terror tourism, 179

Thackeray, William Makepeace: on railways, 261; coinage of ‘snob', 275; on MT's coronation tableaux, 279; celebrity status, 301;
The Newcomes
, 312; allusions to Madame Tussaud's, 320

theatres: France, state regulation, 30; state regulation of plays, 30; popular, aristocratic visitors, 31–2; popularity in Paris, 39; live-action advertising, 43; anti-Establishment theatre, 85; guillotined actors, 154; propaganda in, 154; restrictions, 154

Third Estate, 98, 99; propaganda headquarters, 99, 100; and siege of the Bastille, 110

Thrale, Mrs Hester: on Paris, 39, 40, 45; on the Grand Couvert, 74; on Duc d'Orléans, 84
Times, The
, 250, 265, 289, 297, 317; obituary of MT, 310

‘Tom Thumb' (Charles Sherwood Stratton), 288–9

topicality: importance in waxworks, 28, 277–8

Tour du Pin, Madame de La (
née
Henrietta-Lucy Dillon): on fashion and dress, 15, 133; journal, 15; on salons, 21; on aristocratic complaints, 45; on French court, 67, 70; on Marie Antoinette, 76; on Louis XVI, 90; as worker in first Revolutionary festival, 120

tourists: and Curtius's salon, 29

Trait Galant (fashion house), 15

transport, England, 217–18

travelling shows,
224
; England, 219–21; MT's, open-ended stays, 221, 271; reasons for MT's success, 221, 225; characteristics of showmen, 223; decline, 232, 315; funerary waxes in, 236–7

Treaty of Amiens, 179, 198

trends
see
novelty

tricolour, 102

Tuileries: invasion of royal family's quarters, 136; massacre of Swiss Guards, 136–7; MT and, 137–8

Turcot the monkey, 41, 42

Turnerelli, Peter: sculptures as MT's sources, 240

Tussaud family: involvement in waxworks, 250; family friction, 284–5; and Barnum's attempt to buy Madame Tussaud's, 289; as British citizens, 294; family business, 294; family portrait by Joseph, 294–5,
295
; as respectable middle-class family, 294; money as priority, 312; and MT's funeral, 312;
see also
Madame Tussaud and Sons

Tussaud, Elizabeth (
née
Babbington; MT's daughter-in-law), 249, 294–5,
295

Tussaud, Francis (
née
François; MT's son), 294; birth, 172; and MT, 176, 204, 214; and the Great Exhibition, 215; children, 249, 250, 294; jealousy of brother, 249; marriage, 249; reunion with MT, 249; investment in fine art and objects, 257, 261; development of Baker Street site, 258–9; and father's claim to MT's business, 284–5; portrait of MT,
286
; as naturalized British citizen, 294; and MT's death mask, 312–13

Tussaud, François (MT's husband), 168–9; marriage to MT, 168, 203–4, 207, 214; character, 169; relationship with MT, 169, 170; tour of England with Curtius's show, 169–70, 202; as ‘Curtius', 170; speculative streak, 172, 175; letters from MT, 196–7, 201, 202, 205, 207, 209; financial problems, 197–8, 213, 214; power of attorney for MT's affairs, 197, 203, 214, 284; rejected by MT, 207; relationship with sons, 249; communication with MT in 1840s, 283–4; and Curtius's inheritance, 283–4; final contact with MT, 285; loan from sons, 285; visit from sons, 285; MT as widow of, 312

Tussaud, John Theodore (MT's great-grandson): on Franklin, 54; on Houdon, 54; MT's modelling of death heads, 143–4,
158
; on death of Malibran, 260

Tussaud, Joseph (MT's son), 222, 294; birth, 172; to London with MT, 176; on voyage to Scotland, 200; in Edinburgh, 201; and the Great Exhibition, 215; as MT's apprentice, 222; MT's expenditure on, 222; responsibilities in wax exhibitions, 222; silhouette portraits, 222, 294–5,
295
; wax model, 222; children, 249–50; marriage, 249; relationship with brother, 249; investment in fine art and objects, 257, 261; and father's claim to MT's business, 284–5; family portrait, 294–5,
295
; as naturalized British citizen, 294; and MT's death mask, 312–13; at MT's death, 313

Tussaud, Joseph Theodore (MT's great-grandson), 289

Tussaud, Madame Marie (
née
Anna Maria Grosholtz);
see also
Madame Tussaud and Sons

appearance: 59, 70, 222, 295–6; portraits, 59,
60
,
266
, 285–6,
286
,
287
,
295
; dress, 222

character and characteristics: 70, 296, 298, 313–14, 321; business sense, 49–50, 56, 208, 322; name-dropping, 49, 52; artistic talent, 55–6, 57, 221, 237–8, 239; making money as priority, 57, 279, 321; restriction to life-size modelling, 57; lack of information about, 59–60; frugality and thrift, 88, 222, 260–1, 314; reticence over revolutionary France, 124–5, 127; apparent thick skin, 127; as royalist, 127; austerity and enterprise, 130; victim image, 159; showmanship inherited from Curtius, 162; literacy,
195
, 197; writing ability,
195
, 197, 202; self-esteem, 202; suspicion of legal profession, 213–14; stamina, 218, 260; ambition, 221; iron will, 221; concentration on presentation, 222, 233; high standards, 222; record keeping, 222; self-propaganda, 239; as model for Dickens' Mrs Jarley, 265, 270–2, 314, 321; commercialism, 283; conversation about French Revolution, 296–7; in old age, 310; success as woman in man's world, 321

personal life: 286–7; achievement of celebrity status, 4; identity, 5; early life in France, 6; birth in Berne, 9; possible relationship to Curtius, 11, 12, 161; move to Paris, 12, 15; in Paris, 12–176; childhood and early life in Paris, 34, 39; lack of information, 34; myths about MT, 34, 53, 144, 153, 268, 311, 321; as eyewitness to events in France, 43, 84, 92–3, 159, 234, 267; lifestyle in Paris, 51–2; connections with royalty, 61–4; as tutor to Madame Elizabeth, 61, 62, 63; alleged residence in Versailles, 63; blood relations, 137–8; as Citizen Grosholtz, 138; imprisonment during French Revolution, 157–8; inheritance from Curtius, 161–2; property in Rue des Fosses, 162, 166, 214; loans taken out, 166, 169, 175, 213–14; marriage to François, 168, 169, 170, 203–4, 207, 214, 285; nuptial agreement, 169; births of children, 172; need for English interpreter, 189, 200, 202; correspondence,
195
, 196–7, 200, 201, 202, 205, 207, 209; power of attorney given to François, 197, 203, 214; departure for Scotland, 198; proposed return to Paris, 209, 214; legal disputes, 213–14; loss of family home in Paris, 213–14; concern for sons, 214, 222; length of time on tour, 215; lifestyle when touring, 221–2; survival of shipwreck, 248–9; grandchildren, 250; return to London in 1833, 257; in France, MT's descriptions, 297; health in old age, 309–10; death, 310; obituaries, 310; death mask, 312–13; funeral, 312; memorial tablet, 313; inheritance handed to sons, 314; longevity, 320; self-made woman, 320; memoirs
see Madame Tussaud's Memoirs and Reminiscences of France

professional life: prejudice against, 1, 279, 281, 310, 311; as brand, 3, 4, 5, 212, 213, 322; as pioneer of commercial advertising, 4, 49–50, 188–9, 216, 237–8, 298, 300, 310; public persona on arrival in England, 5–6; as historian, 7–8; as Curtius's pupil, 34, 49, 50, 55–6, 162, 237; exploitation of market for macabre, 140–1; as beneficiary of Curtius's will, 161–2; in partnership with Philipstal, 176, 208; competitive market in England, 180, 182–8, 236–7, 253, 263, 290–1; need to be dissociated from popular waxworks, 182, 184; first London exhibition, 189, 190; opening hours in Edinburgh on tour, 202; success in Glasgow, 206; pays off Philipstal, 207; decision to trade under own name, 213; on tour round England and Scotland, 215, 217–58; ‘utility and amusement' as precepts, 216; touring conditions, 217–18; threat of departure, 221, 271; charitable giving, 225, 239; tour itinerary, 226; improvements in collection during tour, 228, 232, 233, 257, 259; disadvantages of touring, 232; return visits during tour, 232, 233; space problems on tour, 232–3; reasons for success in England, 237–8; modelling sources while touring, 240; manipulation of public opinion on behalf of royals, 245; increasingly genteel style of exhibition, 250, 319; London as part of tour, 257; investment of takings in exhibitions, 260–1; establishment of permanent London exhibition aged 75, 261; restyling of exhibition 1840–5, 278; emphasis on customers' comfort, 280, 282–3; articles
of partnership signed with sons, 284; exploitation by others, 287; as national institution, 294; public recognition in later life, 294; reputation, 311; legacy, 320

Tussaud, Rebecca (
née
Smallpage; MT's daughter-in-law), 249–50, 295

‘The Tussaud Test of Popularity', 4

Tussaud, Victor (MT's grandson), 169, 260, 313, 314, 315

 

venues for MT's wax exhibitions, 225; assembly rooms, 225–6; MT's adaptability, 233

Verlaine, Paul, 320

Versailles: vs Paris, 12–13, 35, 37, 70, 90, 94; MT on, 63, 67–8, 69–70; court life, 69–72; filth, 69; size, 69; protocol, 71–2; lack of mention of MT in official records, 73, 82; mixing of classes, 76; during winter of 1788, 96;
see also
Louis XVI, King of France; Marie Antoinette, Queen; royal family of France

victim balls, 163

Victoria, Queen of England, 261; accession, 264; endorsement of products, 264; coronation preparations, 265; assassination attempts on, 274; marriage, 274; philistinism stigma, 288; and popular entertainment, 288; ‘Tom Thumb' and, 288; Sweet Home tableau, 304; legal action over infringements of privacy, 308; at Madame Tussaud's, 317

Viviez, P. D.: cartoon,
25

Voltaire (François-Marie Arouet): influence on salons, 21; appearance, 38; as Curtius's guest, 51; MT on, 52, 53; MT's wax model, 57, 94, 128, 170; Bradley's wax model, 237

voyeurism, 5, 114, 150–1; social, 31; public as voyeurs, 137, 303; and education, 230

 

Walpole, Horace: on Astley, 40; on Marie Antoinette, 76; on Westminster Abbey waxworks, 186

war(s): as inspiration for fashion and entertainment, 37; war of France with Prussia and Austria, 129–30, 151; and Paris entertainments, 130; invading armies, France, 138; between England and France, 198–9; and communications, 208

water: as precious commodity in Paris, 46

Waterford Mirror
, 228

Waterloo, Battle of, 258; MT's wax models, 258; objects acquired by Tussauds, 261

wax: adaptability, advantages of, 13, 21, 24, 26, 93–4, 122–3; anatomical models, 10–11, 44, 173, 185, 319; identification with the Church, 13; MT, 211, 246; funerary facsimiles, 236–7

wax exhibitions: England, pejorative associations, 182, 184; MT's
see
Baker Street exhibition; Boulevard du Temple; Golden Corinthian Saloon; Gray's Inn Road; Old London Bazaar; Palais-Royal; Salon de Cire; optical illusions in, 263;
see also
rival wax exhibitions

wax models: method for creating, 55–6; sittings, 56–7, 80–1; dolls as Bertin's advertising material, 78; role in marketing royal family, 79; used in demonstrations, 103; inherited by MT from Curtius, 162; modelling of decapitated heads
see
modelling by MT of death masks and guillotined heads;
see also
modelling by MT of death masks and guillotined heads

wax tableaux, 276; as news, 2; of royal family of France, 28,
79
, 80, 89, 101, 144, 234; Marie Antoinette going to bed, 88–9; of siege of Bastille, 118–19; assassination of Lepeletier, 144; Marat tableau, 146,
148
, 149–50, 234; of MT modelling heads, 153,
158
; Mrs Salmon's, 184; Mr Bradley's, 236; coronation tableaux, 245, 248; Great Men of the Late War, 258; Victoria and Albert and royal family, 274; George IV in coronation robes,
276
, 278–9; Sweet Home, 304–5;
see also
Grand Couvert, Le

waxworks: MT and Curtius's criteria for inclusion, 21, 29–30, 79, 275–6

rival waxworks/wax modellers: Cabinet of Profesor Bertrand, 172-3; Mrs Salmon's waxworks, 180, 183, 184-5; Patience Wright, 186-7; Mr Bradley, 236, 237; Churchman's travelling exhibition, 236; Ewing's wax exhibition, 237; Madame Hoyo, 237; Dubourg's Saloon of Arts, 263

Wedgwood brothers: French revolution memorabilia, 115;
see also
Staffordshire potteries

Wellington, Duchess of: as MT's patron, 229

Wellington, Duke of: as MT's patron, 229; MT's wax model, 240; on George IV, 242; on George IV's coronation, 246; visit to MT's exhibition, 259; image used in promotion of products, 302; portrait commissioned by Tussauds, 311–12; on Great Exhibition, 316

Western Advertiser
, 228; and MT, 283

Westminster Abbey, 281, 283; wax exhibition,

185–6, 283

Wetherell, Sir Charles: and Bristol riots, 253–4

Whale Lounge, 231

William IV, King of England: assassination attempt, 256; death, 264

Willie, Pierre Alexandre: portrait of Charlotte Corday, 151

Winsor, Frederick, 196

Wombwell, George: menagerie, 219–20,
220
, 253

Worcester: MT in, 231, 234

Worcester Herald
, 231

working classes: interest in painting, 31; at MT's exhibitions, 227–8;
see also
crowd; public

Wright, Patience (wax modeller), 186–7

Wyld, Mr: walk-in globe, 317

 

Yarmouth: MT in, 226

York: MT in, 225, 250

York, Duchess of: as MT's patron, 228, 229

York, Duke of: as MT's patron, 228, 229; scandal over mistress's behaviour, 243

Young, Arthur,
Travels in France and Italy
, 31, 73, 100–1

 

Zoological Society of London, 281