Kate Berridge (43 page)

——
Nicholas Nickleby
(inc.
Nickleby Advertiser
), monthly, April 1838 to October 1839

——The Old Curiosity Shop
,
Master Humphrey's Clock
, weekly, April 1840 to February 1841

——Oliver Twist
, monthly, February 1837 to April 1839

——
A Tale of Two Cities
(Penguin, 2000)

——‘Our Eyewitness' in ‘Great Company'
All the Year Round
, 31 December 1859 and 7 January 1860

Michael Slater (ed.),
Dickens's Journalism
, vol. 2:
The Amusements of the People and Other Papers: Reports, Essays and Reviews 1834–51
(Dent, 1996)

Bernard Darwin,
The Dickens Advertiser
(Elkin Matthews & Marrot, 1930)

Paul Schlicke,
Dickens and Popular Entertainment
(Allen & Unwin, 1985)

On advertising

‘A Paper on Puffing',
Ainsworth's Magazine
, July 1842

‘The Advertising System', 77,
Edinburgh Review
, February 1843

Charles Dickens, ‘Bill-Sticking',
Household Words
, 2 March 1851

‘Advertisements',
Quarterly Review
98 (June–September 1855)

The Grand Force, Frasers Magazine, 79, March 1869

Henry Sampson,
A History of Advertising
(Chatto & Windus, 1874)

On change, and the Victorian world view

John Copeland,
On Roads and their Traffic 1750–1850
(David & Charles, 1968)

Richard Altick,
The English Common Reader: A Social History of the Mass Reading Public 1800–1900
(Oxford University Press, 1957)

——
The Presence of the Present: Topics of the Day in the Victorian Novel
(Ohio State University Press, 1991)

H. Turner,
A Collector's Guide to Staffordshire Pottery Figurines
(MacGibbon & Kee, 1971)

Thomas Balston,
Staffordshire Portrait Figures of the Victorian Age
(Faber, 1958)

Cyril Williams-Wood,
Staffordshire Pot Lids and their Potters
(Faber, 1972)

Louis James,
Print and the People 1819–1851
(Allen Lane, 1976)

Thomas Carlyle,
On Heroes, Hero Worship and the Heroic in History
(James Fraser, 1841)

——
Past and Present
(Oxford University Press, 1843)

——
Sartor Resartus, The Tailor Retailored
(1833–4)

Helmut and Alison Gernsheim,
L. J. M. Daguerre. The History of the Diorama and the Daguerreotype
(Secker & Warburg, 1956)

On Madame Tussaud

Although I have taken a very different route, the following authors who made earlier journeys helped me to plot my course:

Leonard Cottrell,
Madame Tussaud
(Evans, 1951)

Anita Leslie and Pauline Chapman,
Madame Tussaud: Waxworker Extraordinary
Hutchinson, 1978)

Pauline Chapman,
The French Revolution as Seen by Madame Tussaud, Witness Extraordinary
(Quiller Press, 1989)

——
Madame Tussaud in England
(Quiller Press, 1992)

Teresa Ransom,
Madame Tussaud
(Sutton Publishing, 2003)

On Madame Tussaud's

John Theodore Tussaud,
The Romance of Madame Tussaud's
(Odhams Press, 1921)

Edward Gatacre and Laura Dru, ‘Portraiture in le cabinet de cire Curtius and its successor, Madame Tussaud's Exhibition', conference paper (‘atti del I congresso internazionale sulla ceroplastica nella scienza e nell'arte', Florence, 1975)

Pamela Pilbeam,
Madame Tussaud and the History of the Waxworks
(Hambledon amp; London, 2003)–an excellent academic but accessible study spanning the origins of exhibition to the present day

Sources for the Epilogue

Peter Bailey, ‘ “A Mingled Mass of Perfectly Legitimate Pleasures”: The Victorian Middle Class and the Problem of Leisure',
Victorian Studies
21, 4 (summer 1978) 7-28

The Economist
, 31 May 1851

——26 October 1850

——28 October 1851

Fraser's Magazine
, January 1852

Illustrated London News
, May, June, July 1851

Punch
, 13 April 1850 and 1 February 1851

Other sources

Ephemera, catalogues, posters, advertisements, newspapers and periodicals in the Guildhall Library, the London Library, the British Library, the British Library Newspapers Collection at Colindale, the Theatre Museum, The Dickens Museum, the John Johnson Collection of Printed Ephemera, the Bodleian Library, and Madame Tussauds Archives in Acton and Marylebone

Note: Entries in this index, carried over verbatim from the print edition of this title, are unlikely to correspond to the pagination of any given e-book reader. However, entries in this index, and other terms, may be easily located by using the search feature of your e-book reader.

 

Numerals in italics denote illustrations.

 

Adams-Acton, Mrs: on MT, 92

admission fees, 3; Palais-Royal, 28; tiered, 28; reduction in 1792, 130; to deter general public, 188, 201; reduction in Edinburgh, 205; social segregation in, 228; competing wax exhibitions, 237; Great Exhibition, 317

advertising: MT as pioneer, 4, 49–50, 188–9, 216, 237–8, 298, 300, 310; during Louis XV's reign, 16; live-action, 43; Paris, street cries, 47; customized wrappings, 49; royal endorsements, 49, 256–7, 264; dressed wax dolls, Bertin, 78; marketing monarchy, 278–9; Carlyle on, 297; London boom, 297–300,
298
,
299

advertising by MT, 4, 49–50, 298, 300,
300
,
306
, 310; pre-publicity, importance of, 188–9, 221; in Scotland, 201, 206; in Dublin, 207, 209; targeted marketing, 216, 270–1; use of attendance figures in, 232; of coronation models, 246; in
Pickwick Advertiser
, 264; of memoirs, 267, 272; of topical attraction,
277
; posters in French, 79; on omnibuses, 298,
300
; in catalogue, 301–2; endorsing product, 301

Albert, Prince: marriage, 274; image used in promotion of products, 302; Sweet Home tableau, 304; legal action over infringements of privacy, 308

Alembert, Jean (with Diderot):
Encyclopédie
, 13

Allemand, Madame: MT's letters to, 202, 206

America: Madame Tussaud on, 28; French involvement in, 37, 97; contrasted with France, 40

American War of Independence, 37, 97, 115

L'Ami du peuple
, 126–7

amusements
see
entertainment(s)

anatomical waxes, 10–11, 44, 173, 185, 319

Andras, Catharine (wax modeller), 236

animal entertainments, 40–1, 224, 229, 231; flea circuses, 43, 211, 230–1; performing poodles, 180–1; whale skeleton as attraction, 231–2,
231

animated likenesses, 192–3, 307–8

Annual Register
: obituary of MT, 311

appearance
see
dress; fashion

aristocracy, France: appearance, 16; middle-class aspirations, 16, 19–20; interest in popular entertainment, 31–2, 40; anonymity in theatres, 32; ennui, 44–5; hit and run accidents, 45; diet, 48; power, 98

army
see
military; Swiss guards

Art Journal
, 303–4

Artois, Comte d'
see
Charles X, King of France (Comte d'Artois)

aspiration: MT and, 2, 24, 224, 277–8, 319; Curtius's appeal to, 13, 24; as selling point, 16, 251; vehicles as status symbols, 19; Palais Royal, 86;
see also
middle classes

assembly rooms, English, 225–6

Astley, Philip (equestrian showman): circus, travelling show, 219; popularity in Paris, 32; royal patronage, 40; in London, 110

attendance at waxworks: importance, 50, 257; decline in 1789, 110; increase in English tour, 232

Audinot (theatrical impresario), 41, 44

Augusta, Princess: endorsement of MT's Brighton exhibition, 256

 

Babbington, Elizabeth
see
Tussaud, Elizabeth (
née
Babbington; MT's daughter-in-law)

Baker Street exhibition: MT's exhibition, 257–9, 268, 282–3,
282
, 310; Golden Corinthian Saloon, 258–9; exhibition's status, 268, 292–3; hands-on exhibits, 280; liveliness of exhibition, 280; historical display of Brunswick family, 285; and glamorization of crime, 303–4; expansion of exhibition after MT's death, 315; as respectable genteel venue, 319; exhibition's status for tourists in London, 320; literary
allusions to, 320;
see also
Madame Tussaud and Sons

ballads and ballad singers, 27, 28, 44, 79–80, 83, 89

Barnum, Phineas Taylor, 287–8, 289–90

Bartholomew Fair, 182, 220

Bastille prison, 108–9, 114; siege, 106–10; conditions in, 108; prisoners, 108–9, 114; demolition, 109, 114; commemorative merchandise and relics,
112
, 114–15; significance of siege, 115; MT on, 117–18; myths about, 118

Bath: MT in, 220, 222, 226, 256

Baudelaire, Charles: on photography, 309

Baxter, George (printer), 261–2

Bayswater Hippodrome racecourse: showmen at, 265

bazaars, London: MT's exhibitions in, 250–1;
see also
Baker Street exhibition

Beauharnais, Joséphine
see
Joséphine, empress of France

Beaulard (hairdresser), 36

Beaumarchais, Pierre de (Pierre-Auguste Caron), 21; commemorative merchandise, 39;
Marriage of Figaro
, 85

Bécu, Jeanne
see
Du Barry, Madame

Beffen, Sarah, 220–1

beheading
see
decapitation; guillotine Belfast: MT in, 211–12

Belzoni, Giovanni, 302

Bergami, Bartholemew: alleged affair with Princess Caroline, 244; MT's wax model, 244–5

Berne, Switzerland, 9, 10, 15

Berthier de Sauvigny, Louis Bénigne François, 111

Bertin, Rose, 15, 37, 77, 83; and Curtius, 23–4; MT on, 37; royal patronage, 49; at court, 76, 77; dressing of wax models, 78; exploitation of image of royal family, 79

Bertolloto, Signor: Industrious Fleas,
230

Bertrand, Professor: wax exhibition, 172–3

Birmingham: Curtius show in, 169; MT in, 226, 232; Joseph's marriage in, 249

Birmingham Gazette
, 170

Blackburn Mail
, 246

Bombelles, Marquis de, 69

Bombelles, Marquis de, 85

Bonaparte, Prince Lucien, 279

Bonaparte, Napoleon
see
Napoleon Bonaparte

Boswell, James, 184

Boucher, François: original paintings at Madame Tussaud's, 319

Boulevard du Temple, Paris: popular entertainments, 32, 43, 46–7

Boulevard du Temple, Paris: wax exhibition, 26, 27, 95, 96; Caverne des Grands Voleurs, 27, 96, 151; decline in attendance in 1789, 110; Bastille models, 118–19; response to changes, 122; MT's increased importance in, 124, 130; Marat tableau, 146,
148
, 149–50, 234; new models under the Directory, 171; competing distractions, 175

brand: MT as, 3, 4, 5, 212, 213, 322

branding: beginnings in Paris, 49

Brandreth, Jeremiah (executed criminal): wax model, 237

bread: Paris shortages, 50, 96, 165; price rise, 98

Brewster, Sir David: on Philipstal's show, 191

Brighton: MT in, 226, 256

Bristol, 251; MT in, 220, 226, 232, 251–3; MT's possible purchase of death masks, 240; Assembly Rooms, 251–2, 254,
254
, 255; rich–poor divide, 251, 252; riots over Reform Bill, 251, 252, 254–6,
254
; salvaging of MT's exhibition, 255

Bristol Gazette
, 251, 255

Bristol Mercury
, 226, 232

British Museum: military defence, 215–16; admittance of general public, 280, 282; management, Davy on, 281; elitism, 282; lack of facilities, 282; comparison with Tussaud's, 283

Buffon, Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de: wax model, 29

Bullock, William, 242, 280

Burke, William: death mask, 240–1

Bury St Edmunds: MT in, 232

Butterbrodt, Paul,
42
, 43, 162

Byron, Lord: MT's wax model, 240, 272

 

Cagliostro, Alessandro, 29, 39, 42

Calcutta: Curtius's wax models in, 155

calendar: changes in French Revolution, 141

Calonne, Charles Alexandre de: wax model, 97; effgy hanged, 101

Cambridge: MT in, 139–40, 160, 232; Curtius show in, 169

Campan, Madame Jeanne-Louise-Henriette, 65; on Louis XV, 12; on public opinion, 35; on Franklin medals, 39; comparison with MT, 64–5;
Memoirs of the Private Life of Marie Antoinette
, 64; and MT, 65; similarity of memoirs to MT's, 66, 69; on the Grand Couvert, 74, 75; on Marie Antoinette, 76–7; on Louis XVI, 90

Canterbury: MT in, 256

capital punishment
see
execution Carlyle, Thomas, 285; on demonstration after Necker's dismissal, 105;
History of the French
Revolution
, 267;
Past and Present
, 276, 297;
Lectures on Heroes and Hero Worship
, 285; on advertising, 297

Caroline, Princess of Wales, 243; MT's wax model, 243; alleged adultery, 244–5; popularity, 244, 245

Carra (journalist), 116

Carrier, Jean Baptiste, 163–4

Casanova, 15

Castile, Madame, 283–4

catalogue, MT's: value of, 188, 282; in Edinburgh, 204; aim, 271–2; circulation, 301–2, 310

Caverne des Grands Voleurs, 27, 96, 151;
see also
Chamber of Horrors

celebrity: attitudes to, and MT, 308; cult of, 4, 34, 193, 301, 302; rise and fall, 5, 24–5, 124; and criteria for inclusion in waxworks, 21, 29–30, 79, 276; France, 21; self-made celebrities, 21, 276; disadvantages, 22; ephemeral nature, 24–5; public fickleness, 25; replacing of heads of wax models to reflect rise and fall, 25,
25
, 93–4, 125, 272; MT's appreciation of, 34, 192, 255, 321; radical reformers as, 94; Philipstal and, 192; as mass-market phenomenon, 303; changing perception of, 308–9; and infringement of privacy, 308; present-day relationship of public to stars, 308;
see also
admiration, cult of

celebrity endorsement of goods, 301–2

censorship, Paris, 30–1, 35

Chabert, Monsieur (the Fire King), 223

Chamber of Horrors: MT and guillotined heads
see
modelling by MT of death masks and guillotined heads; and MT's picture of the Bastille, 118; guillotine blade in, 131–2,
132
; contents, 141; first use of name, 291–2; murderers in, 303; expansion after MT's death, 315;
see also
Caverne des Grands Voleurs

Chambers's (Edinburgh) Journal
, 180, 268

Chambers's Journal
, 3, 234

Chamfort, Sébastien de: on Third Estate, 98–9

Champ du Mars: Revolutionary festivals, 120–1, 159; republican rally quashed, 129

change
see
adaptability; heads, replacing; novelty; social change

Chantrey, Sir Francis: bust of Scott possibly copied by MT, 240

Charles, Henri-Louis, 181; ‘The Auricular Communications of the Invisible Girl', 181, 199; in Edinburgh, 199; friendship with MT, 200, 203

Charles X, King of France (Comte d'Artois), 199; as MT's patron, 228

Charlotte, Princess: funerary wax facsimiles, 236–7; MT's model, 240

Chartres, Duc de
see
Orléans, Duc d'

Chartres, Duchesse de (
later
Duchesse d'Orléans), 23

Chateaubriand, François René de: memoirs, 113, 136

Chatham, Earl of: wax model by Wright, 186

Chelmsford: MT in, 226–7

Cheltenham: MT in, 226

Chester: Curtius show in, 169

Choderlos de Laclos, Pierre, 99;
Les Liaisons dangereuses
, 99

Church, the: association with wax, 13; undermining of, 13–14;
see also
religion

Clarendon, Earl of: on Paris, 39

Clark, Mary Anne: MT's wax model, 243; scandal, 243

class: and food, Paris, 48; mixing at Versailles, 76; mixing at Palais-Royal, 87; prejudice in England, 281, 317; mixing at Great Exhibition, 317;
see also
middle classes; rank; working classes

cleanliness: Paris, 46; after Revolution, 134

clergy, French, 14; power, 98

clothing
see
dress

Cobbett, William:
Rural Rides
, 216–17, 252; wax model, 217; product association, 302

coffee: Paris coffee wars, 47; Bastille blend, 108; shortages, 130

coffee houses: Palais-Royal, 100–1

coiffure
see
hairdressing and headdresses

Coleman, Mr: representation of coronation, 245, 246

Collins, Dennis: attempted assassination of William IV, 256

Collot d'Herbois, Jean Marie, 158–9

Colosseum, Regent's Park, 263, 290; passenger lift, 290

Comédie-Française (Paris), 30

Comédie-Italienne (Paris), 30, 129

commemorative merchandise: Beaumarchais, 39; Bastille siege,
112
, 114–15; guillotines, 156; executions, England, 190; Napoleon, 242

commercial entertainment: Curtius and, 24, 25–6; requirement to pay fees to Opéra, 32; England, 188, 316

Conan Doyle, Sir Arthur: on MT, 93

concerts, promenade: MT as pioneer, 291

conflicting loyalties, France, 124–5, 164

consumerism: and shopping, 14, 15, 48, 49, 87-8

Conti, Prince de, 10, 11, 25; as patron, 11–12

Corday, Charlotte, 146, 147; wax model, 149,

150; MT on, 150–1

Cornwall: MT in, 228

coronations: MT's representations, 2, 233, 235, 245–6; of George IV, 246, 278–9

costume
see
dress

court at Versailles
see
royal family of France; Versailles

couture
see
dress; fashion

crime: Curtius and, 27; interest in, 27, 303; in Boulevard du Temple, 43–4; glamorization of, 303–4;
see also
Caverne des Grands Voleurs; Chamber of Horrors; murderers

criteria for choice of waxworks, 21, 29–30, 79, 275–6

crowd: fear of, 2, 216, 244, 316, 317, 318; as consumers, MT's use of, 3, 178–9, 209; mob, 50; incitement after dismissal of Necker, 102–3, 105–6; destroying effigies, 102; as murderous mob, 111; atrocities, 136, 137; rioting in Bristol, 255; at Madame Tussaud's, 315;
see also
class