Knocking on Heaven's Door (64 page)

and weak force, 242, 245, 254–55, 280–85, 307

charm quark, 247, 250–51

Chartres Cathedral,
266
, 267

Cherenkov Telescope Array (CTA), 391

chirality, 425
n

choreography, 7, 15–16

Christine Marie of France, 48

circulatory system, 74–75

classical mechanics,
73
, 80–81

classical optics, 21–25

classical reasoning, 10

climate change, 180–83, 185, 187, 189

Clinton, Bill, 145–46

closed string, 316,
316

CMS (Compact Muon Solenoid), 151, 152–54, 215–36

detectors,
220
, 221–25,
222

electromagnetic calorimeter, 229–31,
230

endcaps, 233–34

general principles, 217–21

hadronic calorimeter, 231

and Higgs boson discovery, 293–94

magnets, 224, 234–35

muon detector, 231–32

trackers, 225–28,
227

Coast to Coast
(radio show), 180

COBE
see
Cosmic Microwave Background Explorer

Compact Muon Solenoid
see
CMS

Coleman, Sidney, 397–98

Coles, Katherine, 40

collateralized debt obligation (CDO), 184

College Observatory of Dunsink (Dublin), 22

colliders

comparison of different, 109,
110
, 111–12

fixed-target and beam-beam,
101
, 101–3

particles or antiparticles, 107–13

types of, 103–6

see also
LEP; LHC; SLAC; Tevatron

Commodity Futures Trading Commission, 196

Compact Muon Solenoid
see
CMS

Comte, Auguste,
390

condensate, 284, 305

condensed matter, 19

congressional earmarks, 260

congressional hearing, xxi–xxiii

conical refraction, 22–23

consciousness, 53–54

Conseil Européen pour la Recherche Nucléaire
see
CERN

Copernicus (Copernican system), 34–38,
38
, 46, 47, 48, 61–62

corpuscular theory of light, 23–24

Cosimo II de’ Medici, 34, 35

Cosmic Microwave Background Explorer (COBE), 358–59, 366, 367

cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation, 122, 358–59, 364, 365–66, 371–72

cosmic rays, 123–24, 173, 174, 175, 386

cosmological constant, 123, 355, 372–75

cosmological inflation, 121, 361–66

cosmology, xx, 120–21, 345–93

cost-benefit analysis, 185–86, 187–92, 207

Couchepin, Pascal, 161

Counter-Reformation, 61–62

creativity (creative thinking), 7, 398–400, 401, 403, 405, 409, 412–13

Creativity Foundation, 403, 405

credit-default swap, 184

CRESST (Cryogenic Rare Event Search with Superconducting Thermometers), 384, 386

critical thinking, 412–17

cryodipole magnets, 129–30, 136–40,
138

Cryogenic Dark Matter Search (CDMS), 384–87

cryogenic detector, 383–87

cryogenic magnets, at LHC, 139, 153–55

Csikszentmihalyi, Mihaly, 426
n

curvature, 18, 327, 364–65,
365

cyclotron, 98–99

DAMA experiment, 386, 388–90,
389

dance and movement, 7, 15–16

dark energy, 122–23, 367,
367
, 372–76,
373

dark matter, 119–22,
367
, 366–93

direct detection, 382–90

indirect detection, 390–93

at the LHC, 377,
378
, 379, 381–82

transparency of, 379–81

Darwin, Charles, 402, 406, 409

Dattola, Domenico,
227

da Via, Cinzia,
217
,
227

David
(Michelangelo), 265

Davis, Ray, 386

Dawkins, Richard, 63–64

Day the Earth Stood Still, The
(movie), 44

deduction, 43–44

Deepwater Horizon oil spill, 183

Democritus, 69

Dennett, Dan, 63–64

deregulation, 195–96

Derrickson, Scott, 6–7, 8, 44

Descartes, René, 30

desert hypothesis, 88–89

DESY (Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron), 138

Detectors
see
ATLAS and
see
CMS

developmental psychology, 53

deviations, 106, 176, 208

Dicke, Robert, 357

dimensions
see
extra dimensions

Dimopoulos, Savas, 318–19

dinosaurs, 47

dipole magnet, 129–30, 136–40, 221

Dirac, Paul, 99–100

direct dark matter detection, 382–90

director general (DG) of CERN, 148

discrimination, 386–87

displaced vertex, 50,
250

DNA, 74–76, 409

Dona, Leonardo, 33–34

Doppler effect, 353

Doro, Michele, 36–37

down quark, 82,
83
,
115
, 247, 249–50

Doyle, Arthur Conan, 43

drug efficacy testing, 204–6

Dvali, Gia, 318–19

Dylan, Bob, 59

Dylan, Jesse, 128

E = mc
²
, 84, 87, 96, 99, 107, 252–53

EAGLE (Experiment for Accurate Gamma, Lepton, and Energy Measurements), 219

Earth, 35–38,
36
,
38
, 47, 70–71, 349–50

EDELWEISS (Expérience pour DE-tecter Les Wimps En Site Souter-rain), 384

Edison, Thomas, 404

effective theory, 16–21, 25

theories of light, 21–25

Einstein, Albert, 102, 116, 334

and curved space, 364–65

and dark energy, 122–23

and gravity, 18, 314, 402, 404

and relativity, xxiii, 91–92, 252–53, 314, 334, 355, 368

see
also
E = mc
²
; general relativity; special relativity

Einstein’s equations, 122–23

see also E = mc
²

electromagnetic calorimeter (ECAL), 229–31,
230

electromagnetic radiation, 385–87

electromagnetic wave, 23–24, 32,
77
, 77–78

electromagnetism, 281–82, 297–98, 346

electron collider, 104–6

see also
LEP

electron, 81–82, 97–101, 107–8

in atoms, 15,
78
, 78–79, 97–98

discovery of, 97–101

magnetic moment of the, 210–11, 212

electronvolt (eV), 423
n

electroweak measurement, 106, 288

electroweak symmetry, 287–88, 295

elegance, 124, 261, 267, 268, 334

elementary particle physics, 72–81

elliptical orbits, 31

emergent phenomenon, 53–54

Empire State Building, 348

empirical reasoning, 201–2

endcap,
233
, 233–34

energy, 80, 85–87, 89, 96–97, 99

and black holes, 169–71

and momentum, 245–46, 252–53

and particle colliders, 101–6, 208

vacuum, 374–75

weak scale,
115
, 118–20

Energy Department, U.S., xxi, 167

Englert, François, 117, 423
n

Euclid, 23, 43

European Organization for Nuclear Research
see
CERN

Evans, Lyn, 148–49, 150, 153, 157, 161, 164–65, 377

event horizon, 169

experiments, 8, 59–60, 88–89

and Galileo, 23, 26, 28–31, 39

and models, 274–75

experts, role of, 192–97

exponential notation, 421
n

extensive systems, 72

extra dimensions, 92–93, 312–30, 341

and black holes, 170–71, 173–74

large, and the hierarchy, 318–22

warped, 322–30,
323
, 404–5

Fabricius, Hieronymus, 74–75

feedback mechanism, 76, 198

Fermi, Enrico, 245, 263

Fermi Gamma Ray Space Telescope, 391

Fermilab (Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory), 138, 145, 154, 164, 167, 218

see also
Tevatron

fermion,
254–55
, 278, 280, 304–6

Feynman, Richard, 25, 94–95, 100, 168, 193, 397

Fielding, Henry, 3

Fillon, François, 161

financial bubbles, 184–85, 195–96

financial crisis of 2008, 179–80, 183–84, 186, 190, 195–97

fine-tuning, 118

fingers, 155–56

Finkbeiner, Doug, 384

Finnegans Wake
(Joyce), 82

Fish, Stanley, 63–64

FiveThirtyEight, 178

fixed-target experiments vs. particle colliders,
101
, 101–3

Fleming, Alexander, 404

flow, 426
n

forces
see
electromagnetism; gravity; strong force; weak force

Ford, Kent, 369

forecasting, 178–79, 197–99

fossils, 47

Fragola, Joe, 182–83, 187

frame of reference, 102

Franklin, Benjamin, xxiii, 10

Freedman, Wendy, 356

French Academy of Sciences, 70–71

Fresnel, Augustin-Jean, 23–24

Friedman, Jerome, 100

Friedrich, Caspar David,
42

fundamental, 20

Gabrielse, Gerald, 210–11

Gago, José Mariano, 161

galaxy, 346, 349, 352–53, 354

galaxy clusters, 349, 369, 371

Galileo Galilei, 23, 26–39, 46, 48–49, 60–62

Gamow, George, 82

GAPS
see
General Antiparticle Spectrometer

Garden of Eden, 269

gas, 19,
19

gauge boson, 108–9,
115
, 116–17, 251–54, 284–85

Gell-Mann, Murray, 82, 259, 261–63, 407–8

General Antiparticle Spectrometer (GAPS), 392

general relativity, 91–92, 334, 350, 368

generation, 243

gene, 76

geometrical optics, 21–25,
24

geometry, 91, 324–25,
325
, 365

see also
warped geometry

Georgi, Howard, 88–90, 334–35, 397, 423
n