Machines of Loving Grace (51 page)

25
.
   
William J.
Broad, “Computer Scientists Stymied in Their Quest to Match Human Vision,”
New York Times,
September 25, 1984, http://www.nytimes.com/1984/09/25/science/computer-scientists-stymied-in-their-quest-to-match-human-vision.html.

26
.
   
John McCarthy, “Programs with Common Sense,” Stanford University, 1959, http://www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/mcc59.pdf.

27
.
   
“The Dynabook of Alan Kay,” History of Computers, http://history-computer.com/ModernComputer/Personal/Dynabook.html.

28
.
   
Robert Geraci,
Apocalyptic AI: Visions of Heaven in Robotics,
Artificial Intelligence, and Virtual Reality,
reprint edition (New York: Oxford University Press, 2012), 2.

29
.
   
John Markoff, “John McCarthy, 84, Dies; Computer Design Pioneer,”
New York Times,
http://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/26/science/26mccarthy.html?pagewanted=all.

30
.
   
Hans Moravec, “Today’s Computers, Intelligent Machines and Our Future,” Stanford University, July 21, 1976, http://www.frc.ri.cmu.edu/~hpm/project.archive/general.articles/1978/analog.1978.html.

31
.
   
Hans Moravec, “The Role of Raw Power in Intelligence,” May 12, 1976, http://www.frc.ri.cmu.edu/~hpm/project.archive/general.articles/1975/Raw.Power.html.

32
.
   
Moravec, “Today’s Computers, Intelligent Machines and Our Future.”

33
.
   
Markoff,
What the Dormouse Said
.

34
.
   
Les Earnest, “Stanford Cart,” December 2012, http://www.stan ford.edu/~learnest/cart.htm.

35
.
   
Ibid.

36
.
   
Sheldon Breiner, “The Background Behind the First Airport Gun Detector,” http://breiner.com/sheldon/papers/First%20Gun%20Detector%20for%20Airport--Public%20Security.pdf.

37
.
   
Robert Reinhold, “Reasoning Ability of Experts Is Codified for Computer Use,”
New York Times,
March 29, 1984.

38
.
   
Jonathan Grudin, “AI and HCI: Two Fields Divided by a Common Focus,”
AI Magazine,
Winter 2009, http://research.microsoft.com/apps/pubs/default.aspx?id=138574.

39
.
   
Daniel Crevier,
AI: The Tumultuous History of the Search for Artificial Intelligence
(New York: Basic Books, 1993), 203.

40
.
   
Edward Edelson, “Expert Systems—Computers That Think Like People,”
Popular Science,
September 1982, 58.

41
.
   
Ibid.

42
.
   
Ibid.

43
.
   
United Press International, “New Navy Device Learns by Doing,”
New York Times,
July 7, 1958.

44
.
   
John Markoff, “Researchers Announce Breakthrough in Content Recognition Software,”
New York Times,
November 17, 2014, http://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/18/science/researchers-announce-breakthrough-in-content-recognition-software.html.

45
.
   
Alex Rubinsteyn and Sergey Feldman, “NIPS and the Zuckerberg Visit,”
Explain My Data,
December 11, 2013 http://blog.explainmydata.com/2013/12/nips-and-zuckerberg-visit.html.

  
1
.
   
Manfred E.
Clynes and Nathan S.
Kline, “Cyborgs and Space,”
Astronautics,
September, 1960, http://partners.nytimes.com/library/cyber/surf/022697surf-cyborg.html.

  
2
.
   
David A.
Mindell,
Digital Apollo: Human and Machine in Spaceflight,
Kindle ed.
(Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2011), Kindle location 1850.

  
3
.
   
Ibid., Kindle location 352–364.

  
4
.
   
Craig Covault, “Space Leaders Work to Replace Lunar Base with Manned Asteroid Missions,”
Aviation Week & Space Technology,
January 19, 2008, http://www.spaceflightnow.com/news/n0801/18avweek.

  
5
.
   
Slide deck courtesy of Edward Feigenbaum.

  
6
.
   
Morten Thanning Vendelo, “From Artificial Intelligence to Human Computer Interaction—An Interview with Terry Winograd,” Association for Information Systems,
SIGSEMIS Bulletin
2, no.
3 & 4 (2005), http://www.researchgate.net/publication/236015807_From_Artificial_Intelligence_to_Human_Computer_Interaction_-_an_interview_with_Terry_Winograd.

  
7
.
   
Terry Winograd lecture, “Filling in the ‘H’ in HCI,” mediaX 2013 Conference, January 8, 2013.

  
8
.
   
John Markoff, “Joseph Weizenbaum, Famed Programmer, Is Dead at 85,”
New York Times,
March 13, 2008, http://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/13/world/europe/13weizenbaum.html?_r=0.

  
9
.
   
David W.
Dunlap, “Looking Back: 1978—‘Farewell, Etaoin Shrdlu,’” Times Insider,
New York Times,
November 13, 2014.

10
.
   
Terry Winograd, “Procedures as a Representation for Data in a Computer Program for Understanding Natural Language,” MIT AI Technical Report 235, February 1971, 38–39, http://hci.stanford.edu/winograd/shrdlu/AITR-235.pdf.

11
.
   
Hubert Dreyfus, “Alchemy and Artificial Intelligence,” RAND Corporation, 1965, http://www.rand.org/pubs/papers/P3244.html.

12
.
   
Hubert Dreyfus, “Why Heideggerian AI Failed and How Fixing It Would Require Making It More Heideggerian,” http://leidl mair.at/doc/WhyHeideggerianAIFailed.pdf.

13
.
   
Dreyfus, “Alchemy and Artificial Intelligence.”

14
.
   
Seymour Papert, “The Artificial Intelligence of Hubert L.
Dreyfus: A Budget of Fallacies,” Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Project Mac, Memo.
No.
154, January 1968, https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/6084.

15
.
   
Vendelo, “From Artificial Intelligence to Human Computer Interaction.”

16
.
   
Roger C.
Schank and Robert P.
Abelson,
Scripts, Plans, Goals, and Understanding: An Inquiry into Human Knowledge Structures,
Artificial Intelligence Series (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1977).

17
.
   
Searle presentation before CS22 Introduction to the Philosophy and History of Artificial Intelligence, Stanford, October 25, 2013.

18
.
   
Arthur L.
Norberg, “An Interview with Terry Allen Winograd,” December 11, 1991, Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota, http://conservancy.umn.edu/bitstream/107717/1/oh237taw.

19
.
   
Sergey Brin, Rajeev Motwani, Lawrence Page, and Terry Winograd, “What Can You Do with a Web in Your Pocket?”
IEEE Data Engineering Bulletin
21, no.
2 (1998): 37–47, http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.36.2806&rep=rep1&type=pdf.

20
.
   
Terry Winograd, “Shifting Viewpoints: Artificial Intelligence and Human-Computer Interaction,”
Artificial Intelligence
170 (2006): 1256–1258, http://hci.stanford.edu/winograd/papers/ai-hci.pdf.

21
.
   
Jeffrey Pfeffer and Robert I.
Sutton, “Knowing ‘What’ to Do Is Not Enough: Turning Knowledge into Action,”
California Management Review
42, no.
1 (1999).

22
.
   
Ben Shneiderman, “List of Influences: Ben Shneiderman,” eagereyes, December 16, 2011, http://eagereyes.org/influences/ben-shneiderman.

23
.
   
Tandy Trower, “A Parting Salute to Cliff Nass—Social Interface Pioneer and Good Friend,” Hoaloha Robotics, November 19, 2013, http://blog.hoaloharobotics.com/2013/11/19/a-parting-salute-to-cliff-nass-social-interface-pioneer-and-good-friend.

24
.
   
Tandy Trower, “Bob and Beyond: A Microsoft Insider Remembers,”
Technologizer,
March 29, 2010, http://www.technologizer.com/2010/03/29/bob-and-beyond-a-microsoft-insider-remembers.

25
.
   
Nicholas Negroponte,
Being Digital
(New York: Vintage, 1996), 101.

26
.
   
Ben Shneiderman and Pattie Maes, “Direct Manipulation vs.
Interface Agents: Excerpts from Debates at IUI 97 and CHI 97,”
Association for Computing Machinery Interactions,
November-December 1997, http://ritter.ist.psu.edu/misc/dirk-files/Papers/HRI-papers/User%20interface%20design%20issues/Direct%20manipulation%20vs.%20interface%20agents.pdf.

27
.
   
Ibid.

  
1
.
   
Rodney Brooks,
Flesh and Machines: How Robots Will Change Us
(New York: Pantheon, 2002), 28.

  
2
.
   
Ibid., 29.

  
3
.
   
Ibid., 31.

  
4
.
   
Rodney Brooks, “Elephants Don’t Play Chess,”
Robotics and Autonomous Systems
6 (1990): 3–15, people.csail.mit.edu/brooks/papers/elephants.ps.Z.

  
5
.
   
Ibid.

  
6
.
   
Brooks,
Flesh and Machines,
31.

  
7
.
   
Steven Levy,
Hackers: Heroes of the Computer Revolution
(New York: Anchor Press/Doubleday, 1984), 132.

  
8
.
   
R.
H.
MacMillan,
Automation: Friend or Foe,
(Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1956), 1.